What this talk is about

Implementing GSM/GPRS network elements as FOSS
Applied Protocol Archeology
Doing all of that on top of Linux (in userspace)
If you expeccted kernel stuff, you’ll be disappointed

Running your own Internet-style network

use off-the-shelf hardware (x86, Ethernet card)
use any random Linux distribution
configure Linux kernel TCP/IP network stack
- enjoy fancy features like netfilter/iproute2/tc
use apache/lighttpd/nginx on the server
use Firefox/chromium/konqueor/lynx on the client
do whatever modification/optimization on any part of the stack

Running your own GSM network

Until 2009 the situation looked like this:

go to Ericsson/Huawei/ZTE/Nokia/Alcatel/…
spend lots of time convincing them that you’re an eligible customer
spend a six-digit figure for even the most basic full network
end up with black boxes you can neither study nor improve
- WTF?
- I’ve grown up with FOSS and the Internet. I know a better world.

Why no cellular FOSS?

both cellular (2G/3G/4G) and TCP/IP/HTTP protocol specs are publicly available for decades. Can you believe it?
Internet protocol stacks have lots of FOSS implementations
cellular protocol stacks have no FOSS implementations for the first almost 20 years of their existence?
it’s the classic conflict
- classic circuit-switched telco vs. the BBS community
- ITU-T/OSI/ISO vs. Arpanet and TCP/IP

Enter Osmocom

In 2008, some people started to write FOSS for GSM

to boldly go where no FOSS hacker has gone before
- where protocol stacks are deep
- and acronyms are plentiful
- we went from bs11-abis to bsc_hack to OpenBSC
- many other related projects were created
- finally leading to the Osmocom umbrella project

Classic GSM network architecture

GSM Acronyms, Radio Access Network

MS: Mobile Station (your phone)
BTS: Base Transceiver Station, consists of 1..n TRX
TRX: Transceiver for one radio channel, serves 8 TS
TS: Timeslots in the GSM radio interface; each runs a specific combination of logical channels
BSC: Base Station Controller

GSM Acronyms, Core Network

MSC: Mobile Switching Center; Terminates MM + CC Sub-layers
HLR: Home Location Register; Subscriber Database
SMSC: SMS Service Center

GSM Acronyms, Layer 2 + 3

LAPDm: Link Access Protocol, D-Channel. Like LAPD in ISDN
RR: Radio Resource (establish/release dedicated channels)
MM: Mobility Management (registration, location, authentication)
CC: Call Control (voice, circuit switched data, fax)
CM: Connection Management

Osmocom GSM components

Classic GSM network as digraph

Simplified OsmoNITB GSM network

which further reduces to the following minimal setup:

So our minimal setup is a Phone, a BTS and OsmoNITB.

Which BTS to use?

Proprietary BTS of classic vendor
- Siemens BS-11 is what we started with
- Nokia, Ericsson, and others available 2nd hand
OsmoBTS software implementation, running with
- Proprietary HW + PHY (DSP): sysmoBTS, or
- General purpose SDR (like USRP) + OsmoTRX

We assume a sysmoBTS in the following tutorial

OsmoBTS Overview

Implementation of GSM BTS
supports variety of hardware/PHY options
- osmo-bts-sysmo: BTS family by sysmocom
- osmo-bts-trx: Used with OsmoTRX + general-purpose SDR
- osmo-bts-octphy: Octasic OCTBTS hardware / OCTSDR-2G PHY
- osmo-bts-litecell15: Nutaq Litecell 1.5 hardware/PHY

Configuring Osmocom software

all Osmo* GSM infrastructure programs share common architecture, as defined by various libraries libosmo{core,gsm,vty,abis,netif,…}
part of this is configuration handling
- interactive configuration via command line interface (vty), similar to Cisco routers
- based on a fork of the VTY code from Zebra/Quagga, now libosmovty
you can manually edit the config file,
or use configure terminal and interactively change it

Configuring OsmoBTS

OsmoBTS in our example scenario runs on the embedded ARM/Linux system inside the sysmoBTS
we access the sysmoBTS via serial console or ssh
we then edit the configuration file /etc/osmocom/osmo-bts.cfg as described in the following slide

Configuring OsmoBTS

bts 0
 band DCS1800 <1>
 ipa unit-id 1801 0 <2>
 oml remote-ip 192.168.100.11 <3>

the GSM frequency band in which the BTS operates
the unit-id by which this BTS identifies itself to the BSC
the IP address of the BSC (to establish the OML connection towards it)

Note	All other configuration is downloaded by the BSC via OML. So most BTS settings are configured in the BSC/NITB configuration file.

Configuring OsmoNITB

OsmoNITB is the osmo-nitb executable built from the openbsc source tree / git repository
just your usual git clone && autoreconf -fi && ./configure && make install
- (in reality, the libosmo* dependencies are required first…)
OsmoNITB runs on any Linux system, like your speakers' laptop
- you can actually also run it on the ARM/Linux of the sysmoBTS itself, having a literal Network In The Box with power as only external dependency

Configuring OsmoNITB

network
 network country code 1 <1>
 mobile network code 1 <2>
 shot name Osmocom <3>
 long name Osmocom
 auth policy closed <4>
 encryption a5 0 <5>

MCC (Country Code) e.g. 262 for Germany; 1 == Test
MNC (Network Code) e.g. mcc=262, mnc=02 == Vodafone; 1 == Test
Operator name to be sent to the phone after registration
Only accept subscribers (SIM cards) explicitly authorized in HLR
Use A5/0 (== no encryption)

Configuring BTS in OsmoNITB (BTS)

network
 bts 0
  type sysmobts <1>
  band DCS1800 <2>
  ms max power 33 <3>
  periodic location update 6 <4>
  ip.access unit_id 1801 0 <5>
  codec-support fr hr efr amr <6>

type of the BTS that we use (must match BTS)
frequency band of the BTS (must match BTS)
maximum transmit power phones are permitted (33 dBm == 2W)
interval at which phones should send periodic location update (6 minutes)
Unit ID of the BTS (must match BTS)
Voice codecs supported by the BTS

Configuring BTS in OsmoNITB (TRX)

network
 bts 0
  trx 0
   arfcn 871 <1>
   max_power_red 0 <2>
   timeslot 0
    phys_chan_config CCCH+SDCCH4 <3>
   timeslot 1
    phys_chan_config TCH/F <4>
    ...
   timeslot 7
    phys_chan_config PDCH <5>

The RF channel number used by this TRX
The maximum power reduction in dBm. 0 = no reduction
Every BTS needs need one timeslot with a CCCH
We configure TS1 to TS6 as TCH/F for voice
We configure TS6 as PDCH for GPRS

What a GSM phone does after power-up

Check SIM card for last cell before switch-off
- if that cell is found again, use that
- if not, perform a netwok scan
  - try to find strong carriers, check if they contain BCCH
  - create a list of available cells + networks
  - if one of the networks MCC+MNC matches first digits of IMSI, this is the home network, which has preference over others
perform LOCATION UPDATE (TYPE=IMSI ATTACH) procedure to network
when network sends LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPT, camp on that cell

→ let’s check if we can perform LOCATION UPDATE on our own network

Verifying our network

look at stderr of OsmoBTS and OsmoNITB
- OsmoBTS will terminate if Abis cannot be set-up
- expected to be re-spawned by init / systemd
use MS to search for networks, try manual registration
observe registration attempts logging level mm info

→ should show LOCATION UPDATE request / reject / accept

use the VTY to explore system state (show *)
use the VTY to change subscriber parameters like extension number

Exploring your GSM networks services

use *#100# from any registered MS to obtain own number
voice calls from mobile to mobile
SMS from mobile to mobile
SMS to/from external applications (via SMPP)
voice to/from external PBX (via MNCC)
explore the VTY interfaces of all network elements
- send SMS from the command line
- experiment with silent call feature
- experiment with logging levels
use wireshark to investigate GSM protocols

Using the VTY

The VTY can be used not only to configure, but also to interactively explore the system status (show commands)
Every Osmo* program has its own telnet port

Program	Telnet Port
OsmoPCU	4240
OsmoBTS	4241
OsmoNITB	4242
OsmoSGSN	4245

ports are bound to 127.0.0.1 by default
try tab-completion, ? and list commands

Using the VTY (continued)

e.g. show subsciber to display data about subscriber:

OpenBSC> show subscriber imsi 901700000003804
    ID: 12, Authorized: 1
    Extension: 3804
    LAC: 0/0x0
    IMSI: 901700000003804
    TMSI: F2D4FA0A
    Expiration Time: Mon, 07 Dec 2015 09:45:16 +0100
    Paging: not paging Requests: 0
    Use count: 1

try show bts, show trx, show lchan, show statistics, …

Extending the network with GPRS

Now that GSM is working, up to the next challenge!

Classic GSM is circuit-switched only
Packet switched support introduced first with GPRS
GPRS adds new network elements (PCU, SGSN, GGSN)
tunnel for external packet networks like IP/Internet
tunnel terminates in MS and on GGSN

Extending the network with GPRS support

PCU: Packet Control Unit. Runs RLC+MAC
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node (like VLR/MSC)
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node (terminates tunnels)

GPRS Signalling basics

GPRS Mobility Management (GMM)
- just like GSM Mobility Management (MM)
  - GPRS ATTACH, ROUTING AREA UPDATE, AUTHENTICATION
GPRS Session Management (SM)
- establishment, management and tear-down of packet data tunnels
  - independent from IP, but typically IP(v4) is used
  - PDP Context (Activation | Deactivation | Modification)

GPRS Protocol Stack

GPRS Acronyms, Protocol Stack

Layer 3
- SM: Session Management (PDP contexts)
- GMM: GPRS Mobility Management (like MM)
Layer 2
- MAC: Medium Access Control
- LLC: Link Layer Control (segmentation, compression, encryption)
- RLC: Radio Link Control
- SNDCP: Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol
  - Scotty to the bridge: You have to re-modulate the sub-network dependent convergence protocols!

Simplified OsmoNITB network with GPRS

OsmoPCU is co-located with OsmoBTS
- connects over unix-domain PCU socket to BTS
OsmoSGSN can run on any Linux machine
OpenGGSN can run on any Linux machine
- tun device is used for tunnel endpoints
circuit-switched and packet-switched networks are completely separate

We need to configure those additional components to provide GPRS services.

Simplified OsmoNITB network with GPRS

Configuring OsmoPCU

We assume we have obtained and compiled the osmo-pcu from git://git.osmocom.org/osmo-pcu

OsmoPCU runs co-located with OsmoBTS to access/share the same PHY + Radio
OsmoPCU is primarily configured from OsmoBTS
OsmoBTS receives relevant config via A-bis OML
OsmoNITB sends those OML messages to OsmoBTS
- we thus need to set the PCU configuration in the NITB config file!

BTS config for GPRS (in OsmoNITB)

 bts 0
  gprs mode gprs <1>
  gprs nsei 1234 <2>
  gprs nsvc 0 nsvci 1234 <3>
  gprs nsvc 0 local udp port 23000 <4>
  gprs nsvc 0 remote ip 192.168.1.11 <5>
  gprs nsvc 0 remote udp port 23000 <6>

enable gprs or egprs mode
NSEI for the NS protocol layer (unique for each PCU in SGSN)
NSVCI for the NS protocol layer (unique for each PCU in SGSN)
UDP port on PCU side of Gb connection
IP address of SGSN side of Gb connection
UDP port on SGSN side of Gb connection

Configuring OsmoSGSN (Gb and GTP)

ns
 encapsulation udp local-ip 192.168.100.11 <1>
 encapsulation udp local-port 23000 <2>
sgsn
 gtp local-ip 127.0.0.2 <3>
 ggsn 0 remote-ip 127.0.0.1 <4>
 ggsn 0 gtp-version 1 <5>
 apn * ggsn 0 <6>

SGSN-local IP address for Gb connection from PCUs
SGSN-local UDP port number for Gb connection from PCUs
SGSN-local IP address for GTP connection to GGSN
remote IP address for GTP connection to GGSN
GTP protocol version for this GGSN
route all APN names to GGSN 0

Configuring OsmoSGSN (subscribers)

OsmoSGSN (still) has no access to the OsmoNITB HLR, thus all IMSIs permitted to use GPRS services need to be explicitly configured.

sgsn
 auth-policy closed <1>
 imsi-acl add 262778026147135 <2>

only allow explicitly authorized/white-listed subscribers
add given IMSI to the white-list of subscribers

Setting up OpenGGSN

In ggsn.cfg we need to set:

listen 172.0.0.1 <1>
net 10.23.24.0/24 <2>
dynip 10.23.42.0/24 <3>
pcodns1 8.8.8.8 <4>

IP address to bind GSN to.
network/mask of tun device
pool of dynamic IP addresses allocated to PDP contexts
IP address of DNS server (communicated to MS via signalling)

Testing GPRS

Check if osmo-pcu, osmo-sgsn, openggsn are running
Check if NS and BSSGP protocols are UNBLOCKED at SGSN
- If not, check your NS/BSSGP configuration
Check for GPRS registration using logging level mm info in SGSN

Osmocom beyond GSM/GPRS RAN + NITB

Smalltalk implementation of SIGTRAN + TCAP/MAP
Erlang implementation of SIGTRAN + TCAP/MAP
Lots of special-purpose protocol mangling
- bsc-nat to introduce NAT-like functionality on A (BSSAP/BSSMAP)
- mgw-nat to transparently re-write MAP/ISUP/SCCP
GSMTAP pseudo-header for feeding non-IP protocols into wireshark
SIM card protocol tracer hardware + software
Lots of non-GSM projects from hardware to protocol stacks (TETRA, GMR, DECT, OP25)
check http://git.osmocom.org/ for full project list

So… I heard about OpenBTS?

OpenBTS is completely unrelated to the Osmocom stack
was independently developed by David Burgess & Harvind Simra
- Kestrel Signal Processing → Range Networks
doesn’t follow GSM system architecture at all
- no Abis, BSC, PCU, SGSN, GGSN
is a bridge of the GSM air interface (Um) to SIP
Osmocom follows classic GSM interfaces / system architecture
OsmoTRX forked OpenBTS SDR code to use OsmoBTS with SDR hardware

Outlook on FOSS 2.75G (EDGE)

EDGE extends GPRS with higher data rates
- 8PSK instead of GMSK modulation
- lots of new MAC/RLC features (larger windows, incremental redundancy)
- No changes required in OmsoSGSN and OsmoGGSN
OsmoPCU is extended with EDGE support
First working minimal subset published last week

Outlook on FOSS 3G (UMTS/WCDMA)

UMTS very similar to GSM/GPRS in principle
- still, almost every interface and protocol stack has changed
- all elements have been renamed → more acronyms to learn
UMTS is ridiculously complex, particular PHY + Layer 2
- however, control plane L3 (MM/CC/CM/SM/GMM) mostly the same
Implementing all of that from scratch is a long journey
We’ve already reached Peak 3G
Osmocom 3G support strategy
- Implement Iu interface in NITB and SGSN
- Implement HNB-GW to offer Iuh interface
- Use existing femtocell / small cell hardware with proprietary PHY, RLC and MAC
- Status: Started in October 2015, WIP. Overall completion > 50%.

Outlook on FOSS 4G (LTE)

LTE has nothing in common with 2G/3G
various FOSS activities
- OpenAirInterface has some code for a software eNodeB
  - but they switched from GPLv3 to non-free license :(
- srsLTE (main focus on UE side, but large parts usable for eNodeB side)
- OpenLTE is another active FOSS project
No Osmocom involvement so far
- team is small, project scope of cellular infrastructure is gigantic
- most customer funding currently still on GSM/GPRS/EDGE
- if we’d start, we’d start implementing MME + S-GW and use existing LTE cells

The End

so long, and thanks for all the fish
I hope you have questions!
have fun exploring mobile technologies using Osmocom
interested in working with more acronyms? Come join the project!
Check out http://openbsc.osmocom.org/ and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org

Thanks to

Pablo for running netdevconf and inviting me
the entire Osmocom team for what they have achieved
- notably Dieter Spaar, Holger Freyther, Andreas Eversberg, Sylvain Munaut
last but not least: CEPT for making the GSM specs English
- (who’d want to read French specs anyway?)

Running FOSS Cellular Networks on Linux

What this talk is about

Running your own Internet-style network

Running your own GSM network

Why no cellular FOSS?

Enter Osmocom

Classic GSM network architecture

GSM Acronyms, Radio Access Network

GSM Acronyms, Core Network

GSM Acronyms, Layer 2 + 3

Osmocom GSM components

Classic GSM network as digraph

Simplified OsmoNITB GSM network

Which BTS to use?

OsmoBTS Overview

Configuring Osmocom software

Configuring OsmoBTS

Configuring OsmoBTS

Configuring OsmoNITB

Configuring OsmoNITB

Configuring BTS in OsmoNITB (BTS)

Configuring BTS in OsmoNITB (TRX)

What a GSM phone does after power-up

Verifying our network

Exploring your GSM networks services

Using the VTY

Using the VTY (continued)

Extending the network with GPRS

Extending the network with GPRS support

GPRS Signalling basics

GPRS Protocol Stack

GPRS Acronyms, Protocol Stack

Simplified OsmoNITB network with GPRS

Simplified OsmoNITB network with GPRS

Configuring OsmoPCU

BTS config for GPRS (in OsmoNITB)

Configuring OsmoSGSN (Gb and GTP)

Configuring OsmoSGSN (subscribers)

Setting up OpenGGSN

Testing GPRS

Osmocom beyond GSM/GPRS RAN + NITB

So… I heard about OpenBTS?

Outlook on FOSS 2.75G (EDGE)

Outlook on FOSS 3G (UMTS/WCDMA)

Outlook on FOSS 4G (LTE)

The End

Thanks to