What this talk is about

Implementing GSM/GPRS network elements as FOSS
Applied Protocol Archaeology
Doing all of that on top of Linux (in userspace)

Running your own Internet-style network

use off-the-shelf hardware (x86, Ethernet card)
use any random Linux distribution
configure Linux kernel TCP/IP network stack
- enjoy fancy features like netfilter/iproute2/tc
use apache/lighttpd/nginx on the server
use Firefox/chromium/konqueor/lynx on the client
do whatever modification/optimization on any part of the stack

Running your own GSM network

Until 2009 the situation looked like this:

go to Ericsson/Huawei/ZTE/Nokia/Alcatel/…
spend lots of time convincing them that you’re an eligible customer
spend a six-digit figure for even the most basic full network
end up with black boxes you can neither study nor improve
- WTF?
- I’ve grown up with FOSS and the Internet. I know a better world.

Why no cellular FOSS?

both cellular (2G/3G/4G) and TCP/IP/HTTP protocol specs are publicly available for decades. Can you believe it?
Internet protocol stacks have lots of FOSS implementations
cellular protocol stacks have no FOSS implementations for the first almost 20 years of their existence?
it’s the classic conflict
- classic circuit-switched telco vs. the BBS community
- ITU-T/OSI/ISO vs. Arpanet and TCP/IP

Enter Osmocom

In 2008, some people (most present in this room) started to write FOSS for GSM

to boldly go where no FOSS hacker has gone before
- where protocol stacks are deep
- and acronyms are plentiful
- we went from bs11-abis to bsc_hack to OpenBSC
- many other related projects were created
- finally leading to the Osmocom umbrella project

Classic GSM network architecture

GSM Acronyms, Radio Access Network

MS: Mobile Station (your phone)
BTS: Base Transceiver Station, consists of 1..n TRX
TRX: Transceiver for one radio channel, serves 8 TS
TS: Timeslots in the GSM radio interface; each runs a specific combination of logical channels
BSC: Base Station Controller

GSM Acronyms, Core Network

MSC: Mobile Switching Center; Terminates MM + CC Sub-layers
HLR: Home Location Register; Subscriber Database
SMSC: SMS Service Center

GSM Acronyms, Layer 2 + 3

LAPDm: Link Access Protocol, D-Channel. Like LAPD in ISDN
RR: Radio Resource (establish/release dedicated channels)
MM: Mobility Management (registration, location, authentication)
CC: Call Control (voice, circuit switched data, fax)
CM: Connection Management

Osmocom GSM components

Classic GSM network as digraph

Osmocom GSM network

Which BTS to use?

Proprietary BTS of classic vendor
- Siemens BS-11 is what we started with
- Nokia, Ericsson, and others available 2nd hand
OsmoBTS software implementation, running with
- Proprietary HW + PHY (DSP): sysmoBTS, or
- General purpose SDR (like USRP) + OsmoTRX

We assume a sysmoBTS in the following tutorial

OsmoBTS Overview

Implementation of GSM BTS
supports variety of hardware/PHY options
- osmo-bts-sysmo: BTS family by sysmocom
- osmo-bts-trx: Used with OsmoTRX + general-purpose SDR
- osmo-bts-octphy: Octasic OCTBTS hardware / OCTSDR-2G PHY
- osmo-bts-litecell15: Nutaq Litecell 1.5 hardware/PHY

See separate talk about BTS hardware options later today.

BTS Hardware vs. BTS software

A classic GSM BTS is hardware + software
It has two interfaces
- Um to the radio side, towards phones
- Abis to the wired back-haul side, towards BSC
with today’s flexible architecture, this is not always true
- the hardware might just be a network-connected SDR and BTS software runs o a different CPU/computer, or
- the BTS and BSC, or even the NITB may run on the same board

Physical vs. Logical Arch (sysmoBTS)

Physical vs. Logical Arch (SDR e.g. USRP B2xx)

IP layer traffic

Abis/IP signaling runs inside IPA multiplex inside TCP
- Port 3002 and 3003 betewen BTS and BSC
- Connections initiated from BTS to BSC
Voice data is carried in RTP/UDP on dynamic ports

⇒ Make sure you permit the above communication in your network/firewall config

Configuring Osmocom software

all native Osmo* GSM infrastructure programs share common architecture, as defined by various libraries libosmo{core,gsm,vty,abis,netif,…}
part of this is configuration handling
- interactive configuration via command line interface (vty), similar to Cisco routers
- based on a fork of the VTY code from Zebra/Quagga, now libosmovty
you can manually edit the config file,
or use configure terminal and interactively change it

Configuring OsmoBTS

OsmoBTS in our example scenario runs on the embedded ARM/Linux system inside the sysmoBTS
we access the sysmoBTS via serial console or ssh
we then edit the configuration file /etc/osmocom/osmo-bts.cfg as described in the following slide

Configuring OsmoBTS

bts 0
 band DCS1800 <1>
 ipa unit-id 1801 0 <2>
 oml remote-ip 192.168.100.11 <3>

the GSM frequency band in which the BTS operates
the unit-id by which this BTS identifies itself to the BSC
the IP address of the BSC (to establish the OML connection towards it)

Note	All other configuration is downloaded by the BSC via OML. So most BTS settings are configured in the BSC/NITB configuration file.

Purpose of Unit ID

Unit IDs consist of three parts:
- Site Number, BTS Number, TRX Number

source IP of all BTSs would be identical

⇒ BSC identifies BTS on Unit ID, not on Source IP!

Configuring Osmocom CNI

Osmocom CNI is the collection of all the non-BTS Osmocom projects for 3GPP network operation, of which the minimally required are osmo-bsc, osmo-msc and osmo-hlr. You also will need osmo-stp for SIGTRAN and osmo-mgw for user plane.
- just your usual git clone && autoreconf -fi && ./configure && make install
- (in reality, the libosmo* dependencies are required first…)
- nightly packages for Debian 9-11, buntu 19.x/20.x/21.x available
runs on any Linux system, like your speakers' laptop
- you can actually also run it on the ARM/Linux of the sysmoBTS itself, having a literal Network In The Box with power as only external dependency

Configuring Osmocom CNI

each program has a config file
simple example given in doc/examples/osmo-*.cfg of each git repo
each program has a user manual and a VTY command reference manual
- asciidoc is part of the source
- PDF renderings at https://downloads.osmocom.org/docs/latest/

What a GSM phone does after power-up

Check SIM card for last cell before switch-off
- if that cell is found again, use that
- if not, perform a network scan
  - try to find strong carriers, check if they contain BCCH
  - create a list of available cells + networks
  - if one of the networks MCC+MNC matches first digits of IMSI, this is the home network, which has preference over others
perform LOCATION UPDATE (TYPE=IMSI ATTACH) procedure to network
when network sends LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPT, camp on that cell

→ let’s check if we can perform LOCATION UPDATE on our own network

Verifying our network

look at log output of Osmocom programs
- OsmoBTS will terminate if Abis cannot be set-up, expected to be re-spawned by init / systemd
use MS to search for networks, try manual registration
observe registration attempts logging level mm info

→ should show LOCATION UPDATE request / reject / accept

use the VTY to explore system state (show *)
use the VTY to change subscriber parameters like extension number

Exploring your GSM networks services

use *#100# from any registered MS to obtain own number
voice calls from mobile to mobile
SMS from mobile to mobile
SMS to/from external applications (via SMPP)
voice to/from external PBX (via MNCC)
explore the VTY interfaces of all network elements
- send SMS from the command line
- experiment with silent call feature
- experiment with logging levels
use wireshark to investigate GSM protocols

Using the VTY

The VTY can be used not only to configure, but also to interactively explore the system status (show commands)
Every Osmo* program has its own telnet port

Program	Telnet Port
OsmoBTS	4241
OsmoBSC	4242
OsmoMSC	4254
OsmoHLR	4258

https://osmocom.org/projects/cellular-infrastructure/wiki/Port_Numbers
ports are bound to 127.0.0.1 by default
- can be bound to other IPs or ANY via config file
try tab-completion, ? and list commands

Using the VTY (continued)

context-sensitive command line interface like Cisco and many others
show commands to introspect
- try show bts, show trx, show lchan, show statistics, …
enable + configure terminal for configuration mode
interactive reference, tab-completion
logging enable adds log target to VTY session

The End

so long, and thanks for all the fish
I hope you have questions!
have fun exploring mobile technologies using Osmocom
interested in working with more acronyms? Come join the project!
Check out https://osmocom.org/ and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org

Running a basic Osmocom GSM network

What this talk is about

Running your own Internet-style network

Running your own GSM network

Why no cellular FOSS?

Enter Osmocom

Classic GSM network architecture

GSM Acronyms, Radio Access Network

GSM Acronyms, Core Network

GSM Acronyms, Layer 2 + 3

Osmocom GSM components

Classic GSM network as digraph

Osmocom GSM network

Which BTS to use?

OsmoBTS Overview

BTS Hardware vs. BTS software

Physical vs. Logical Arch (sysmoBTS)

Physical vs. Logical Arch (SDR e.g. USRP B2xx)

IP layer traffic

Configuring Osmocom software

Configuring OsmoBTS

Configuring OsmoBTS

Purpose of Unit ID

Configuring Osmocom CNI

Configuring Osmocom CNI

What a GSM phone does after power-up

Verifying our network

Exploring your GSM networks services

Using the VTY

Using the VTY (continued)

Further Reading

The End