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+%include "default.mgp"
+%default 1 bgrad
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+%nodefault
+%back "blue"
+
+%center
+%size 7
+
+
+The future of Linux packet filtering
+targeted for kernel 2.6 and beyond
+
+
+%center
+%size 4
+by
+
+Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org>
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+Future of Linux packet filtering
+Contents
+
+
+	Problems with current 2.4.x netfilter/iptables
+		Solution to code replication
+		Solution for dynamic rulesets
+		Solution for API to GUI's and other management programs
+
+	HA for stateful firewalling
+		What's special about firewalling HA
+		Poor man's failover
+		Real state replication
+
+	Other current work
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+Future of Linux packet filtering
+Problems with 2.4.x netfilter/iptables
+
+	code replication between iptables/ip6tables/arptables
+		iptables was never meant for other protocols, but people did copy+paste 'ports'
+		replication of
+			core kernel code
+			layer 3 independent matches (mac, interface, ...)
+			userspace library (libiptc)
+			userspace tool (iptables)
+			userspace plugins (libipt_xxx.so)
+
+	doesn't suit the needs for dynamically changing rulesets
+		dynamic rulesets becomming more common due (service selection, IDS)
+		a whole table is created in userspace and sent as blob to kernel
+		for every ruleset the table needs to be copied to userspace and back
+		inside kernel consistency checks on whole table, loop detection
+
+	too extensible for writing any forward-compatible GUI
+		new extensions showing up all the time
+		a frontend would need to know about the options and use of a new extension
+		thus frontends are always incomplete and out-of-date
+		no high-level API other than piping to iptables-restore
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+Future of Linux packet filtering
+Reducing code replication
+
+	code replication is a real problem: unclean, bugfixes missed
+	we need layer 3 independent layer for
+		submitting rules to the kernel
+		traversing packet-rulesets supporting match/target modules
+		registering matches/targets
+			layer 3 specific (like matching ipv4 address)
+			layer 3 independent (like matching MAC address)
+
+	solution
+		pkt_tables inside kernel
+			pkt_tables_ipv4 registers layer 3 handler with pkt_tables
+			pkt_tables_ipv6 registers layer 3 handler with pkt_tables
+			everybody registering a pkt_table (like iptable_filter) needs to specify the l3 protocol
+		libraries in userspace (see later)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+Future of Linux packet filtering
+Supporting dynamic rulesets
+
+	atomic table-replacement turned out to be bad idea
+	need new interface for sending individual rules to kernel
+	policy routing has the same problem and good solution: rtnetlink
+	solution: nfnetlink
+		multicast-netlink based packet-orinented socket between kernel and userspace
+		has extra benefit that other userspace processes get notified of rule changes [just like routing daemons]
+		nfnetlink is a low-layer below all kernel/userspace communication
+			pkttnetlink [aka iptnetlink]
+			ctnetlink
+			ulog
+			ip_queue
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+Future of Linux packet filtering
+Communication with other programs
+
+whole set of libraries
+	libnfnetlink for low-layer communication
+	libpkttnetlink for rule modifications
+		will handle all plugins [which are currently part of iptables]
+		query functions about avaliable matches/targets
+		query functions about parameters
+		query functions for help messages about specific match/parameter of a match
+		generic structure from which rules can be built
+		conversion functions to parse generic structure into in-kernel structure
+		conversion functiosn to perse kernel structure into generic structure
+		functions to convert generic structure in plain text
+	libipq will stay API-compatible to current version
+	libipulog will stay API-compatible to current version
+	libiptc will go away [compatibility layer extremely difficult]
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page 
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Introduction
+
+What is special about firewall failover?
+
+	Nothing, in case of the stateless packet filter
+		Common IP takeover solutions can be used
+			VRRP
+			Hartbeat
+
+	Distribution of packet filtering ruleset no problem
+		can be done manually
+		or implemented with simple userspace process
+
+	Problems arise with stateful packet filters
+		Connection state only on active node
+		NAT mappings only on active node
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Connection Tracking Subsystem
+
+Connection tracking...
+
+	implemented seperately from NAT 
+	enables stateful filtering 
+	implementation
+		hooks into NF_IP_PRE_ROUTING to track packets
+		hooks into NF_IP_POST_ROUTING and NF_IP_LOCAL_IN to see if packet passed filtering rules
+		protocol modules (currently TCP/UDP/ICMP)
+		application helpers currently (FTP,IRC,H.323,talk,SNMP)
+	divides packets in the following four categories
+		NEW - would establish new connection
+		ESTABLISHED - part of already established connection
+		RELATED - is related to established connection
+		INVALID - (multicast, errors...)
+	does _NOT_ filter packets itself
+	can be utilized by iptables using the 'state' match 
+	is used by NAT Subsystem
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Connection Tracking Subsystem
+
+Common structures
+	struct ip_conntrack_tuple, representing unidirectional flow
+		layer 3 src + dst 
+		layer 4 protocol
+		layer 4 src + dst
+
+
+	connetions represented as struct ip_conntrack
+		original tuple
+		reply tuple
+		timeout
+		l4 state private data
+		app helper
+		app helper private data
+		expected connections
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Connection Tracking Subsystem
+
+Flow of events for new packet
+	packet enters NF_IP_PRE_ROUTING
+		tuple is derived from packet
+		lookup conntrack hash table with hash(tuple) -> fails
+		new ip_conntrack is allocated
+			fill in original and reply == inverted(original) tuple
+			initialize timer
+			assign app helper if applicable
+			see if we've been expected -> fails
+			call layer 4 helper 'new' function
+
+	...
+
+	packet enters NF_IP_POST_ROUTING
+		do hashtable lookup for packet -> fails
+		place struct ip_conntrack in hashtable			
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Connection Tracking Subsystem
+
+Flow of events for packet part of existing connection
+	packet enters NF_IP_PRE_ROUTING
+		tuple is derived from packet
+		lookup conntrack hash table with hash(tuple)
+		assosiate conntrack entry with skb->nfct
+		call l4 protocol helper 'packet' function
+			do l4 state tracking
+			update timeouts as needed [i.e. TCP TIME_WAIT,...]
+
+	...
+	
+	packet enters NF_IP_POST_ROUTING
+		do hashtable lookup for packet -> succeds
+		do nothing else
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Poor man's failover
+
+Poor man's failover
+	principle
+		let every node do it's own tracking rather than replicating state
+	two possible implementations
+		connect every node to shared media (i.e. real ethernet)
+			forwarding only turned on on active node
+			slave nodes use promiscuous mode to sniff packets
+		copy all traffic to slave nodes
+			active master needs to copy all traffic to other nodes
+			disadvantage: high load, sync traffic == payload traffic
+			IMHO stupid way of solving the problem 
+	advantages
+		very easy implementation
+			only addition of sniffing mode to conntrack needed
+			existing means of address takeover can be used
+		same load on active master and slave nodes
+		no additional load on active master
+	disadvantages
+		can only be used with real shared media (no switches, ...)
+		can not be used with NAT
+	remaining problem
+		no initial state sync after reboot of slave node!
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Real state replication
+
+Parts needed
+	state replication protocol
+		multicast based
+		sequence numbers for detection of packet loss
+		NACK-based retransmission
+		no security, since private ethernet segment to be used
+	event interface on active node
+		calling out to callback function at all state changes
+	exported interface to manipulate conntrack hash table
+	kernel thread for sending conntrack state protocol messages
+		registers with event interface
+		creates and accumulates state replication packets
+		sends them via in-kernel sockets api
+	kernel thread for receiving conntrack state replication messages
+		receives state replication packets via in-kernel sockets
+		uses conntrack hashtable manipulation interface
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Real state replication
+
+	Flow of events in chronological order:
+		on active node, inside the network RX softirq
+			connection tracking code is analyzing a forwarded packet
+			connection tracking gathers some new state information
+			connection tracking updates local connection tracking database
+			connection tracking sends event message to event API
+		on active node, inside the conntrack-sync kernel thread
+			conntrack sync daemon receives event through event API
+			conntrack sync daemon aggregates multiple event messages into a state replication protocol message, removing possible redundancy
+			conntrack sync daemon generates state replication protocol message
+			conntrack sync daemon sends state replication protocol message
+		on slave node(s), inside network RX softirq
+			connection tracking code ignores packets coming from the interface attached to the private conntrac sync network
+			state replication protocol messages is appended to socket receive queue of conntrack-sync kernel thread
+		on slave node(s), inside conntrack-sync kernel thread
+			conntrack sync daemon receives state replication message
+			conntrack sync daemon creates/updates conntrack entry
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Neccessary changes to kernel
+
+Neccessary changes to current conntrack core
+
+	event generation (callback functions) for all state changes
+
+	conntrack hashtable manipulation API
+		is needed (and already implemented) for 'ctnetlink' API
+
+	conntrack exemptions
+		needed to _not_ track conntrack state replication packets
+		is needed for other cases as well
+		currently being developed by Jozsef Kadlecsik
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+HA for netfillter/iptables
+Other current work
+
+	optimizing the conntrack code
+		hash function optimization
+			current hash function not good for even hash bucket count
+			other hash functions in development
+			hash function evaluation tool [cttest] avaliable
+			introduce per-system randomness to prevent hash attack
+		code optimization (locking/timers/...)
+
+	getting our work submitted into the mainstream kernel
+		turns out to be more difficult
+			e.g. newnat api now waiting for three months
+
+	discussions about multiple targets/actions per rule
+		technical implementation easy
+		however, not everybody convinced that it fits into the concept
+
+	using tc for firewalling
+		Jamal Hadi Selim uses iptables targets from within TC
+		leads to discussion of generic classification engine API in kernel
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%page
+Future of Linux packet filtering
+Thanks
+	The slides and the an according paper of this presentation are available at http://www.gnumonks.org/
+
+	The netfilter homepage http://www.netfilter.org/
+
+	Thanks to
+		the BBS people, Z-Netz, FIDO, ...
+			for heavily increasing my computer usage in 1992
+		KNF
+			for bringing me in touch with the internet as early as 1994
+			for providing a playground for technical people
+			for telling me about the existance of Linux!
+		Alan Cox, Alexey Kuznetsov, David Miller, Andi Kleen
+			for implementing (one of?) the world's best TCP/IP stacks
+		Paul 'Rusty' Russell
+			for starting the netfilter/iptables project
+			for trusting me to maintain it today
+		Astaro AG
+			for sponsoring parts of my netfilter work
+