final phone_protocol-eh2018 slides

18 files changed, 9985 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gprs_attach.png b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gprs_attach.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e7759d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gprs_attach.png
diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gprs_attach.svg b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gprs_attach.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26a5ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gprs_attach.svg
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+MS
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+BSS (BTS,BSC,PCU)
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+
+SGSN
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+
+HLR
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+<text x="834" y="49" textLength="130" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" fill="black">
+GPRS Attach Procedure
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+Cell Selection
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+<text x="372" y="111" textLength="154" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12" fill="black">
+L1 RACH burst (cause=TBF)
+</text>
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+AGCH: RR IMMEDIAGE ASSIGN
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+UL TBF establishment
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+optional: GMM IDENTITY REQ + RESP (IMSI) if SGSN doesn't know TMSI
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+MAP SEND AUTH INFO resp
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diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gsm_cell_selection.png b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gsm_cell_selection.png
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diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gsm_control_stack.gnumeric b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/gsm_control_stack.gnumeric
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+</text>
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diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup.adoc b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f592ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+What happens on a protocol level when switching on a phone
+==========================================================
+:author:	Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org>
+:copyright:	2018 by Harald Welte (License: CC-BY-SA)
+:backend:	slidy
+:max-width:	45em
+
+== Introduction
+
+* Everybody uses cellphones and mobile internet these days
+* Still very few people know what's going on, even those with deep TCP/IP understanding
+* Let's try to shed some light on the inner workings on a protocol level
+
+NOTE:: this talk is about 2G (GSM/GPRS/EDGE) and 3G (UMTS/HS*PA) only
+
+== Classic GSM (2G) network as digraph
+
+[graphviz]
+----
+digraph G {
+	rankdir=LR;
+	MS0 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	MS1 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	MS2 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	MS3 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	BTS0 [label="BTS\n(Cell)"]
+	BTS1 [label="BTS\n(Cell)"]
+	MSC [label="MSC/VLR"]
+	HLR [label="HLR/AUC"]
+	MS0->BTS0 [label="Um"]
+	MS1->BTS0 [label="Um"]
+	MS2->BTS1 [label="Um"]
+	MS3->BTS1 [label="Um"]
+	BTS0->BSC [label="Abis"]
+	BTS1->BSC [label="Abis"]
+	BSC->MSC [label="A"]
+	MSC->HLR [label="C"]
+}
+----
+
+== Powering up the phone
+
+* Your various processors / cores boot up
+* Hardware gets initialized
+* We will look at the cellular related activity only here
+* Registering to a Cellular network can take *ages* at times. Why is that?
+
+== Network Selection (2G): RF Power Scan
+
+* GSM has many narrow-band channels/frequencies (ARFCN = Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number):
+** 123 ARFCN in 850 MHz
+** 173 ARFCN in 900 MHz
+** 373 ARFCN in 1800 MHz
+** 298 ARFCN in 1900 MHz
+** total of 967 ARFCN in a quad-band phone
+
+* The phone performs a (quick) RF power scan over all ARFCN to determine which channels contain how much energy (RxLev, RSSI)
+
+== Network Selection (2G): Freq + Sync burst detection
+
+* the phone picks the channels with highest amount of energy
+* it tries to decode the FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel) to slave its own internal clock (VCTCXO) to the frequency information contained in the FCCH
+* it then moves to the SCH (Synchronization Channel) to determine the current GSM frame number + training sequence code
+* finally, it is aligned with both the *carrier frequency*, and knows where in the *time division multiplex* frame/multiframe the BTS (Cell) currently transmits
+
+== Network Selection (2G): BCCH decode
+
+* After Frequency and Sync burst detection, the phone moves to BCCH (Broadcast Common Control Channel)
+* The BCCH contains a loop of repeated broadcasts of so-called *SYSTEM INFORMATION* messages
+* There are many different *SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPEs* which are repeatedly iterated over
+* SYSTEM INFORMATION (SI) 3 and 4 contain, among other things MCC + MNC information
+** MCC: Mobile Country Code (262 for Germany)
+** MNC: Mobile Network Code (01 for T-Mobile, 02 for Vodafone, 03 for E-Plus, ...)
+* Now the phone knows to which operator the cell broadcasting on this ARFCN
+* The process of FCCH + SCH alignment with successive BCCH decoding is repeated for a number of strong signal ARFCNs to create a list of "available networks"
+** this is the output of what you see when you do a *manual network search* on your phone
+*** the numeric MCC/MNC is typically translated in a string name based on a mapping table in the phone firmware, possibly extended by information on the SIM (EF.PNN, EF.OPL)
+
+== Network Selection: Which Network to register
+
+* Assuming we have a list of ARFCN <-> MCC+MNC, which network do we choose?
+** if manual network selection: use whatever the user has chosen
+** we assume automatic network selection below
+* If the cell-advertised MCC+MNC matches the IMSI prefix, it is the home network
+** home network trumps everything else
+* SIM / USIM contains various lists which operators use to control selection policy in roaming
+** EF.PLMNsel (PLMN Selector)
+** EF.PLMNwAcT (User-controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology)
+** EF.HPPLMN (Higher Priority PLMN)
+** EF.FPLMN (Forbidden PLMNs)
+** EF.OPLMNwACT (Operator-controlled LMN Selector with Access Technology)
+** EF.HPLMNwAcT (Home PLMN Selector with Access Technology)
+** EF.EHPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN)
+* finally, MS will select a (first) cell to attempt registration.
+
+== Cell Selection State Machine
+
+image::gsm_cell_selection.png[]
+
+== Registering to a network: LOCATION UPDATE
+
+* *LOCATION UPDATE* is a key transaction on the MM-sublayer of the Layer3 of the 2G/3G protocol stack
+* it is used to update the location/presence information of the network
+* there are variants:
+** IMSI ATTACH is used for initial registration at power-up (our case here)
+** NORMAL is an update triggered by a change of location (arae code) as the user moves around the coverage
+** PERIODIC is used when a timer expires, similar to a 'keep alive' in many protocols
+* the *MM LOCATION UPDATE* on the Um/Abis/A interface up to the MSC is translated into a *MAP UpdateLocation* towards the HLR (central subscriber database)
+* authentication procedure may (should!) follow to cryptographically verify identity of subscriber
+* finally, the network either sends a *MM LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPT* or *MM LOCATION UPDATE REJECT*
+
+== GSM Control Plane Protocol Stack
+
+image::gsm_control_stack.svg[width="100%"]
+
+== LOCATION UPDATE: Layer 3 Only
+
+image::location_update_l3only.png[]
+
+== LOCATION UPDATE: Ladder Diagram
+
+image::location_update.png[]
+
+== GPRS for packet switched servics
+
+[graphviz]
+----
+digraph G {
+	rankdir=LR;
+	MS0 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	MS1 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	MS2 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	MS3 [label="MS\n(Phone)"]
+	BTS0 [label="BTS\n(Cell)"]
+	BTS1 [label="BTS\n(Cell)"]
+	MSC [label="MSC/VLR"]
+	HLR [label="HLR/AUC"]
+	MS0->BTS0 [label="Um"]
+	MS1->BTS0 [label="Um"]
+	MS2->BTS1 [label="Um"]
+	MS3->BTS1 [label="Um"]
+	BTS0->BSC [label="Abis"]
+	BTS1->BSC [label="Abis"]
+	BSC->MSC [label="A"]
+	MSC->HLR [label="C"]
+        BTS0->PCU [color="red"]
+        BTS1->PCU [color="red"]
+        //subgraph cluster_PS {
+          PCU [color="red"];
+          SGSN [color="red"];
+          GGSN [color="red"];
+          Internet [color="red"];
+          PCU->SGSN [label="Gb",color="red"]
+          SGSN->GGSN [label="Gp",color="red"]
+          GGSN->Internet [label="Gi",color="red"]
+       // }
+}
+----
+
+
+== Registering for packet switched services: GPRS ATTACH
+
+* packet-switched services were added about a decade after circuit-switched
+** hence, packet-switched attach is traditionally independent of circuit-switched attach
+* GPRS ATTACH is performed from MS to SGSN
+** it's called GPRS ATTACH even for EDGE or even UMTS
+
+== GPRS Control Plane Protocol Stack
+
+image::gprs_control_stack.svg[width="100%"]
+
+== GPRS ATTACH: Ladder Diagram
+
+image::gprs_attach.png[width="100%"]
+
+== Establishing a PDP Context
+
+* in order to exchange user-IP data with the public Internet, a tunnel must be established over the entire GSM/GPRS/UMTS infrastructure
+** one Tunnel end is inside the phone
+** other end is in the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
+** it's a true point-to-point link, no netmask/broadcast/arp/link-layer
+** if PPP is involved, this is only between the phone/modem baseband processor and the external computer
+* IP address allocation + DNS server addresses exchanged via *protocol control options (PCO)* inside PDP
+  context activation
+* phone sends *PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATE* to network (SGSN)
+* network (SGSN) responds with *PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATE ACK* in succesful case
+* user IP data may now be exchanged
+
+== PDP CONTEXT ACT: Ladder Diagram
+
+image::gprs_pdp_ctx_act.png[width="100%"]
+
+== Classic UMTS (3G) network as digraph
+
+[graphviz]
+----
+digraph G {
+	rankdir=LR;
+	MS0 [label="UE\n(Phone)"]
+	MS1 [label="UE\n(Phone)"]
+	MS2 [label="UE\n(Phone)"]
+	MS3 [label="UE\n(Phone)"]
+	BTS0 [label="NodeB\n(Cell)"]
+	BTS1 [label="NodeB\n(Cell)"]
+        BSC [label="RNC"];
+	MSC [label="MSC/VLR"]
+	HLR [label="HLR/AUC"]
+	MS0->BTS0 [label="Uu"]
+	MS1->BTS0 [label="Uu"]
+	MS2->BTS1 [label="Uu"]
+	MS3->BTS1 [label="Uu"]
+	BTS0->BSC [label="Iub"]
+	BTS1->BSC [label="Iub"]
+	BSC->MSC [label="Iu-CS"]
+        SGSN [color="red"]
+        GGSN [color="red"]
+        Internet [color="red"]
+        BSC->SGSN [label="Iu-PS",color="red"]
+        SGSN->GGSN [label="Gp",color="red"]
+        SGSN->HLR [color="red"]
+        GGSN->Internet [label="Gi",color="red"]
+	MSC->HLR [label="C"]
+}
+----
+
+== UMTS (3G) Cell Selection
+
+* differences primarily at physical layer
+** WCDMA instead of TDMA (GSM)
+** RF Channels are 5MHz wide, so many less RF channels to scan
+** however, MS (now called UE) has to search in code-space, as many cells on same frequency channel
+
+== UMTS (3G) Cell Selection
+
+image::umts_cell_selection.png[]
+
+== UMTS (3G) Cell Selection
+
+* Layer 3 is almost identical to GSM
+* *MM LOCATION UPDATE (Type: IMSI ATTACH)* between MS(UE) and MSC
+* *PS ATTACH* between MS(UE) and SGSN
+* *PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATION* between MS(UE) and SGSN
+
+== Further Reading
+
+* Die GSM Dm-Kanaele im Dialog, Prf. Dr. Joachim Goeller, http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/DieGSMDmKanaele.pdf
+* The GSM Dm-Channels (english version), http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/GSMDmChannels.pdf
+* 3GPP TS 43.022: "Functions related to Mobile Station in idle mode and
+  group receive mode" http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/43022.htm (GSM/GPRS)
+* 3GPP TS 25.304 "User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and
+  procedures for cell reselection in connected mode"
+  http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/25304.htm (UMTS_
+
+== EOF
+
+End of File
diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup.html b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9992a60
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+  padding-right: 0.5em;

+}

+div.admonitionblock td.content {

+  padding-left: 0.5em;

+  border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;

+}

+

+div.exampleblock > div.content {

+  border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;

+  padding-left: 0.5em;

+}

+

+div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }

+span.image img { border-style: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; }

+a.image:visited { color: white; }

+

+dl {

+  margin-top: 0.8em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.8em;

+}

+dt {

+  margin-top: 0.5em;

+  margin-bottom: 0;

+  font-style: normal;

+  color: navy;

+}

+dd > *:first-child {

+  margin-top: 0.1em;

+}

+

+ul, ol {

+    list-style-position: outside;

+}

+ol.arabic {

+  list-style-type: decimal;

+}

+ol.loweralpha {

+  list-style-type: lower-alpha;

+}

+ol.upperalpha {

+  list-style-type: upper-alpha;

+}

+ol.lowerroman {

+  list-style-type: lower-roman;

+}

+ol.upperroman {

+  list-style-type: upper-roman;

+}

+

+div.compact ul, div.compact ol,

+div.compact p, div.compact p,

+div.compact div, div.compact div {

+  margin-top: 0.1em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.1em;

+}

+

+tfoot {

+  font-weight: bold;

+}

+td > div.verse {

+  white-space: pre;

+}

+

+div.hdlist {

+  margin-top: 0.8em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.8em;

+}

+div.hdlist tr {

+  padding-bottom: 15px;

+}

+dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {

+  font-weight: bold;

+}

+td.hdlist1 {

+  vertical-align: top;

+  font-style: normal;

+  padding-right: 0.8em;

+  color: navy;

+}

+td.hdlist2 {

+  vertical-align: top;

+}

+div.hdlist.compact tr {

+  margin: 0;

+  padding-bottom: 0;

+}

+

+.comment {

+  background: yellow;

+}

+

+.footnote, .footnoteref {

+  font-size: 0.8em;

+}

+

+span.footnote, span.footnoteref {

+  vertical-align: super;

+}

+

+#footnotes {

+  margin: 20px 0 20px 0;

+  padding: 7px 0 0 0;

+}

+

+#footnotes div.footnote {

+  margin: 0 0 5px 0;

+}

+

+#footnotes hr {

+  border: none;

+  border-top: 1px solid silver;

+  height: 1px;

+  text-align: left;

+  margin-left: 0;

+  width: 20%;

+  min-width: 100px;

+}

+

+div.colist td {

+  padding-right: 0.5em;

+  padding-bottom: 0.3em;

+  vertical-align: top;

+}

+div.colist td img {

+  margin-top: 0.3em;

+}

+

+@media print {

+  #footer-badges { display: none; }

+}

+

+#toc {

+  margin-bottom: 2.5em;

+}

+

+#toctitle {

+  color: #527bbd;

+  font-size: 1.1em;

+  font-weight: bold;

+  margin-top: 1.0em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.1em;

+}

+

+div.toclevel0, div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {

+  margin-top: 0;

+  margin-bottom: 0;

+}

+div.toclevel2 {

+  margin-left: 2em;

+  font-size: 0.9em;

+}

+div.toclevel3 {

+  margin-left: 4em;

+  font-size: 0.9em;

+}

+div.toclevel4 {

+  margin-left: 6em;

+  font-size: 0.9em;

+}

+

+span.aqua { color: aqua; }

+span.black { color: black; }

+span.blue { color: blue; }

+span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }

+span.gray { color: gray; }

+span.green { color: green; }

+span.lime { color: lime; }

+span.maroon { color: maroon; }

+span.navy { color: navy; }

+span.olive { color: olive; }

+span.purple { color: purple; }

+span.red { color: red; }

+span.silver { color: silver; }

+span.teal { color: teal; }

+span.white { color: white; }

+span.yellow { color: yellow; }

+

+span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }

+span.black-background { background: black; }

+span.blue-background { background: blue; }

+span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }

+span.gray-background { background: gray; }

+span.green-background { background: green; }

+span.lime-background { background: lime; }

+span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }

+span.navy-background { background: navy; }

+span.olive-background { background: olive; }

+span.purple-background { background: purple; }

+span.red-background { background: red; }

+span.silver-background { background: silver; }

+span.teal-background { background: teal; }

+span.white-background { background: white; }

+span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }

+

+span.big { font-size: 2em; }

+span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }

+

+span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }

+span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }

+span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }

+

+div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }

+

+

+/*

+ * xhtml11 specific

+ *

+ * */

+

+div.tableblock {

+  margin-top: 1.0em;

+  margin-bottom: 1.5em;

+}

+div.tableblock > table {

+  border: 3px solid #527bbd;

+}

+thead, p.table.header {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: #527bbd;

+}

+p.table {

+  margin-top: 0;

+}

+/* Because the table frame attribute is overriden by CSS in most browsers. */

+div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {

+  border-style: none;

+}

+div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {

+  border-left-style: none;

+  border-right-style: none;

+}

+div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {

+  border-top-style: none;

+  border-bottom-style: none;

+}

+

+

+/*

+ * html5 specific

+ *

+ * */

+

+table.tableblock {

+  margin-top: 1.0em;

+  margin-bottom: 1.5em;

+}

+thead, p.tableblock.header {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: #527bbd;

+}

+p.tableblock {

+  margin-top: 0;

+}

+table.tableblock {

+  border-width: 3px;

+  border-spacing: 0px;

+  border-style: solid;

+  border-color: #527bbd;

+  border-collapse: collapse;

+}

+th.tableblock, td.tableblock {

+  border-width: 1px;

+  padding: 4px;

+  border-style: solid;

+  border-color: #527bbd;

+}

+

+table.tableblock.frame-topbot {

+  border-left-style: hidden;

+  border-right-style: hidden;

+}

+table.tableblock.frame-sides {

+  border-top-style: hidden;

+  border-bottom-style: hidden;

+}

+table.tableblock.frame-none {

+  border-style: hidden;

+}

+

+th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {

+  text-align: left;

+}

+th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {

+  text-align: center;

+}

+th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {

+  text-align: right;

+}

+

+th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {

+  vertical-align: top;

+}

+th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {

+  vertical-align: middle;

+}

+th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {

+  vertical-align: bottom;

+}

+

+

+/*

+ * manpage specific

+ *

+ * */

+

+body.manpage h1 {

+  padding-top: 0.5em;

+  padding-bottom: 0.5em;

+  border-top: 2px solid silver;

+  border-bottom: 2px solid silver;

+}

+body.manpage h2 {

+  border-style: none;

+}

+body.manpage div.sectionbody {

+  margin-left: 3em;

+}

+

+@media print {

+  body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }

+}

+/* slidy.css

+

+   Copyright (c) 2005-2010 W3C (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved.

+   W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing

+   rules apply, see:

+

+   http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents

+   http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software

+*/

+

+/*

+   SJR: 2010-09-29: Modified for AsciiDoc slidy backend.

+   Mostly just commented out stuff that is handled by AsciiDoc's CSS files.

+*/

+

+body

+{

+  margin: 0 0 0 0;

+  padding: 0 0 0 0;

+  width: 100%;

+  height: 100%;

+  color: black;

+  background-color: white;

+/*

+  font-family: "Gill Sans MT", "Gill Sans", GillSans, sans-serif;

+*/

+  font-size: 14pt;

+}

+

+div.toolbar {

+  position: fixed; z-index: 200;

+  top: auto; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0;

+  height: 1.2em; text-align: right;

+  padding-left: 1em;

+  padding-right: 1em;

+  font-size: 60%;

+  color: red;

+  background-color: rgb(240,240,240);

+  border-top: solid 1px rgb(180,180,180);

+}

+

+div.toolbar span.copyright {

+  color: black;

+  margin-left: 0.5em;

+}

+

+div.initial_prompt {

+  position: absolute;

+  z-index: 1000;

+  bottom: 1.2em;

+  width: 90%;

+  background-color: rgb(200,200,200);

+  opacity: 0.35;

+  background-color: rgb(200,200,200, 0.35);

+  cursor: pointer;

+}

+

+div.initial_prompt p.help {

+  text-align: center;

+}

+

+div.initial_prompt p.close {

+  text-align: right;

+  font-style: italic;

+}

+

+div.slidy_toc {

+  position: absolute;

+  z-index: 300;

+  width: 60%;

+  max-width: 30em;

+  height: 30em;

+  overflow: auto;

+  top: auto;

+  right: auto;

+  left: 4em;

+  bottom: 4em;

+  padding: 1em;

+  background: rgb(240,240,240);

+  border-style: solid;

+  border-width: 2px;

+  font-size: 60%;

+}

+

+div.slidy_toc .toc_heading {

+  text-align: center;

+  width: 100%;

+  margin: 0;

+  margin-bottom: 1em;

+  border-bottom-style: solid;

+  border-bottom-color: rgb(180,180,180);

+  border-bottom-width: 1px;

+}

+

+div.slide {

+  z-index: 20;

+  margin: 0 0 0 0;

+  padding-top: 0;

+  padding-bottom: 0;

+  padding-left: 20px;

+  padding-right: 20px;

+  border-width: 0;

+  clear: both;

+  top: 0;

+  bottom: 0;

+  left: 0;

+  right: 0;

+  line-height: 120%;

+  background-color: transparent;

+}

+

+div.background {

+  display: none;

+}

+

+div.handout {

+  margin-left: 20px;

+  margin-right: 20px;

+}

+

+div.slide.titlepage {

+  text-align: center;

+}

+

+div.slide.titlepage.h1 {

+  padding-top: 10%;

+}

+

+div.slide h1 {

+  padding-left: 0;

+  padding-right: 20pt;

+  padding-top: 4pt;

+  padding-bottom: 4pt;

+  margin-top: 0;

+  margin-left: 0;

+  margin-right: 60pt;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

+  display: block;

+  font-size: 160%;

+  line-height: 1.2em;

+  background: transparent;

+}

+

+div.toc {

+  position: absolute;

+  top: auto;

+  bottom: 4em;

+  left: 4em;

+  right: auto;

+  width: 60%;

+  max-width: 30em;

+  height: 30em;

+  border: solid thin black;

+  padding: 1em;

+  background: rgb(240,240,240);

+  color: black;

+  z-index: 300;

+  overflow: auto;

+  display: block;

+  visibility: visible;

+}

+

+div.toc-heading {

+  width: 100%;

+  border-bottom: solid 1px rgb(180,180,180);

+  margin-bottom: 1em;

+  text-align: center;

+}

+

+/*

+pre {

+ font-size: 80%;

+ font-weight: bold;

+ line-height: 120%;

+ padding-top: 0.2em;

+ padding-bottom: 0.2em;

+ padding-left: 1em;

+ padding-right: 1em;

+ border-style: solid;

+ border-left-width: 1em;

+ border-top-width: thin;

+ border-right-width: thin;

+ border-bottom-width: thin;

+ border-color: #95ABD0;

+ color: #00428C;

+ background-color: #E4E5E7;

+}

+*/

+

+/*

+li pre { margin-left: 0; }

+

+blockquote { font-style: italic }

+

+img { background-color: transparent }

+

+p.copyright { font-size: smaller }

+*/

+

+.center { text-align: center }

+.footnote { font-size: smaller; margin-left: 2em; }

+

+/*

+a img { border-width: 0; border-style: none }

+*/

+

+a:visited { color: navy }

+a:link { color: navy }

+a:hover { color: red; text-decoration: underline }

+a:active { color: red; text-decoration: underline }

+

+a {text-decoration: none}

+.navbar a:link {color: white}

+.navbar a:visited {color: yellow}

+.navbar a:active {color: red}

+.navbar a:hover {color: red}

+

+/*

+ul { list-style-type: square; }

+ul ul { list-style-type: disc; }

+ul ul ul { list-style-type: circle; }

+ul ul ul ul { list-style-type: disc; }

+li { margin-left: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; }

+li li { font-size: 85%; font-style: italic }

+li li li { font-size: 85%; font-style: normal }

+*/

+

+div dt

+{

+  margin-left: 0;

+  margin-top: 1em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

+  font-weight: bold;

+}

+div dd

+{

+  margin-left: 2em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

+}

+

+

+/*

+p,pre,ul,ol,blockquote,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,dl,table {

+  margin-left: 1em;

+  margin-right: 1em;

+}

+*/

+

+p.subhead { font-weight: bold; margin-top: 2em; }

+

+.smaller { font-size: smaller }

+.bigger { font-size: 130% }

+

+/*

+td,th { padding: 0.2em }

+*/

+

+ul {

+  margin: 0.5em 1.5em 0.5em 1.5em;

+  padding: 0;

+}

+

+ol {

+  margin: 0.5em 1.5em 0.5em 1.5em;

+  padding: 0;

+}

+

+ul { list-style-type: square; }

+ul ul { list-style-type: disc; }

+ul ul ul { list-style-type: circle; }

+ul ul ul ul { list-style-type: disc; }

+

+/*

+ul li {

+  list-style: square;

+  margin: 0.1em 0em 0.6em 0;

+  padding: 0 0 0 0;

+  line-height: 140%;

+}

+

+ol li {

+  margin: 0.1em 0em 0.6em 1.5em;

+  padding: 0 0 0 0px;

+  line-height: 140%;

+  list-style-type: decimal;

+}

+

+li ul li {

+  font-size: 85%;

+  font-style: italic;

+  list-style-type: disc;

+  background: transparent;

+  padding: 0 0 0 0;

+}

+li li ul li {

+  font-size: 85%;

+  font-style: normal;

+  list-style-type: circle;

+  background: transparent;

+  padding: 0 0 0 0;

+}

+li li li ul li {

+  list-style-type: disc;

+  background: transparent;

+  padding: 0 0 0 0;

+}

+

+li ol li {

+  list-style-type: decimal;

+}

+

+

+li li ol li {

+  list-style-type: decimal;

+}

+*/

+

+/*

+ setting class="outline" on ol or ul makes it behave as an

+ ouline list where blocklevel content in li elements is

+ hidden by default and can be expanded or collapsed with

+ mouse click. Set class="expand" on li to override default

+*/

+

+ol.outline li:hover { cursor: pointer }

+ol.outline li.nofold:hover { cursor: default }

+

+ul.outline li:hover { cursor: pointer }

+ul.outline li.nofold:hover { cursor: default }

+

+ol.outline { list-style:decimal; }

+ol.outline ol { list-style-type:lower-alpha }

+

+ol.outline li.nofold {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/nofold-dim.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ol.outline li.unfolded {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/fold-dim.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ol.outline li.folded {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/unfold-dim.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ol.outline li.unfolded:hover {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/fold.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ol.outline li.folded:hover {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/unfold.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+

+ul.outline li.nofold {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/nofold-dim.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ul.outline li.unfolded {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/fold-dim.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ul.outline li.folded {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/unfold-dim.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ul.outline li.unfolded:hover {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/fold.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+ul.outline li.folded:hover {

+  padding: 0 0 0 20px;

+  background: transparent url(../graphics/unfold.gif) no-repeat 0px 0.5em;

+}

+

+/* for slides with class "title" in table of contents */

+a.titleslide { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic }

+

+/*

+ hide images for work around for save as bug

+ where browsers fail to save images used by CSS

+*/

+img.hidden { display: none; visibility: hidden }

+div.initial_prompt { display: none; visibility: hidden }

+

+  div.slide {

+     visibility: visible;

+     position: inherit;

+  }

+  div.handout {

+     border-top-style: solid;

+     border-top-width: thin;

+     border-top-color: black;

+  }

+

+@media screen {

+  .hidden { display: none; visibility: visible }

+

+  div.slide.hidden { display: block; visibility: visible }

+  div.handout.hidden { display: block; visibility: visible }

+  div.background { display: none; visibility: hidden }

+  body.single_slide div.initial_prompt { display: block; visibility: visible }

+  body.single_slide div.background { display: block; visibility: visible }

+  body.single_slide div.background.hidden { display: none; visibility: hidden }

+  body.single_slide .invisible { visibility: hidden }

+  body.single_slide .hidden { display: none; visibility: hidden }

+  body.single_slide div.slide { position: absolute }

+  body.single_slide div.handout { display: none; visibility: hidden }

+}

+

+@media print {

+  .hidden { display: block; visibility: visible }

+

+/*

+  div.slide pre { font-size: 60%; padding-left: 0.5em; }

+*/

+  div.toolbar { display: none; visibility: hidden; }

+  div.slidy_toc { display: none; visibility: hidden; }

+  div.background { display: none; visibility: hidden; }

+  div.slide { page-break-before: always }

+  /* :first-child isn't reliable for print media */

+  div.slide.first-slide { page-break-before: avoid }

+}

+

+

+/* SJR: AsciiDoc slidy backend tweaks */

+

+ol, ul {

+  margin: 0.8em 1.5em 0.8em 1.8em;

+}

+li > ul, li > ol {

+  margin-top: 0.5em;

+}

+

+.outline > li.folded,

+.outline > li.unfolded {

+  color: #527bbd;

+}

+ul > li{ color: #aaa; }

+ul > li > *, ol > li > * { color: black; }

+

+li {

+  margin-top: 0.5em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

+}

+

+

+</style>

+<script type="text/javascript">

+/*<![CDATA[*/

+/* slidy.js

+

+   Copyright (c) 2005-2010 W3C (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved.

+   W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing

+   rules apply, see:

+

+   http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents

+   http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software

+*/

+

+// the slidy object implementation

+var w3c_slidy = {

+  // classify which kind of browser we're running under

+  ns_pos: (typeof window.pageYOffset!='undefined'),

+  khtml: ((navigator.userAgent).indexOf("KHTML") >= 0 ? true : false),

+  opera: ((navigator.userAgent).indexOf("Opera") >= 0 ? true : false),

+  ipad: ((navigator.userAgent).indexOf("iPad") >= 0 ? true : false),

+  iphone: ((navigator.userAgent).indexOf("iPhone") >= 0 ? true : false),

+  ie: (typeof document.all != "undefined" && !this.opera),

+  ie6: (!this.ns_pos && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 6") != -1),

+  ie7: (!this.ns_pos && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 7") != -1),

+  ie8: (!this.ns_pos && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 8") != -1),

+  ie9: (!this.ns_pos && navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 9") != -1),

+  keyboardless: (this.ipad || this.iphone),

+

+  // are we running as XHTML? (doesn't work on Opera)

+  is_xhtml: /xml/.test(document.contentType),

+

+  slide_number: 0, // integer slide count: 0, 1, 2, ...

+  slide_number_element: null, // element containing slide number

+  slides: [], // set to array of slide div's

+  notes: [], // set to array of handout div's

+  backgrounds: [], // set to array of background div's

+  toolbar: null, // element containing toolbar

+  title: null, // document title

+  last_shown: null, // last incrementally shown item

+  eos: null,  // span element for end of slide indicator

+  toc: null, // table of contents

+  outline: null, // outline element with the focus

+  selected_text_len: 0, // length of drag selection on document

+  view_all: 0,  // 1 to view all slides + handouts

+  want_toolbar: true,  // user preference to show/hide toolbar

+  mouse_click_enabled: true, // enables left click for next slide

+  scroll_hack: 0, // IE work around for position: fixed

+  disable_slide_click: false,  // used by clicked anchors

+

+  lang: "en", // updated to language specified by html file

+

+  help_anchor: null, // used for keyboard focus hack in showToolbar()

+  help_page: "http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/help/help.html",

+  help_text: "Navigate with mouse click, space bar, Cursor Left/Right, " +

+             "or Pg Up and Pg Dn. Use S and B to change font size.",

+

+  size_index: 0,

+  size_adjustment: 0,

+  sizes:  new Array("10pt", "12pt", "14pt", "16pt", "18pt", "20pt",

+                    "22pt", "24pt", "26pt", "28pt", "30pt", "32pt"),

+

+  // needed for efficient resizing

+  last_width: 0,

+  last_height: 0,

+

+

+  // Needed for cross browser support for relative width/height on

+  // object elements. The work around is to save width/height attributes

+  // and then to recompute absolute width/height dimensions on resizing

+   objects: [],

+

+  // attach initialiation event handlers

+  set_up: function () {

+    var init = function() { w3c_slidy.init(); };

+    if (typeof window.addEventListener != "undefined")

+      window.addEventListener("load", init, false);

+    else

+      window.attachEvent("onload", init);

+  },

+

+  hide_slides: function () {

+    if (document.body && !w3c_slidy.initialized)

+      document.body.style.visibility = "hidden";

+    else

+      setTimeout(w3c_slidy.hide_slides, 50);

+  },

+

+  // hack to persuade IE to compute correct document height

+  // as needed for simulating fixed positioning of toolbar

+  ie_hack: function () {

+    window.resizeBy(0,-1);

+    window.resizeBy(0, 1);

+  },

+

+  init: function () {

+    //alert("slidy starting test 10");

+    document.body.style.visibility = "visible";

+    w3c_slidy_i18n.init();

+    this.add_toolbar();

+    this.wrap_implicit_slides();

+    this.collect_slides();

+    this.collect_notes();

+    this.collect_backgrounds();

+    this.objects = document.body.getElementsByTagName("object");

+    this.patch_anchors();

+    this.slide_number = this.find_slide_number(location.href);

+    window.offscreenbuffering = true;

+    this.size_adjustment = this.find_size_adjust();

+    this.time_left = this.find_duration();

+    this.hide_image_toolbar();  // suppress IE image toolbar popup

+    this.init_outliner();  // activate fold/unfold support

+    this.title = document.title;

+

+    // work around for opera bug

+    this.is_xhtml = (document.body.tagName == "BODY" ? false : true);

+

+    if (this.slides.length > 0)

+    {

+      var slide = this.slides[this.slide_number];

+

+      if (this.slide_number > 0)

+      {

+        this.set_visibility_all_incremental("visible");

+        this.last_shown = this.previous_incremental_item(null);

+        this.set_eos_status(true);

+      }

+      else

+      {

+        this.last_shown = null;

+        this.set_visibility_all_incremental("hidden");

+        this.set_eos_status(!this.next_incremental_item(this.last_shown));

+      }

+

+      this.set_location();

+      this.add_class(this.slides[0], "first-slide");

+      w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+    }

+

+    this.toc = this.table_of_contents();

+

+    this.add_initial_prompt();

+

+    // bind event handlers without interfering with custom page scripts

+    // Tap events behave too weirdly to support clicks reliably on

+    // iPhone and iPad, so exclude these from click handler

+

+    if (!this.keyboardless)

+      this.add_listener(document.body, "click", this.mouse_button_click);

+

+    this.add_listener(document, "keydown", this.key_down);

+    this.add_listener(document, "keypress", this.key_press);

+    this.add_listener(window, "resize", this.resized);

+    this.add_listener(window, "scroll", this.scrolled);

+    this.add_listener(window, "unload", this.unloaded);

+

+    if (!document.body.onclick)

+      document.body.onclick = function () { };

+

+    this.single_slide_view();

+

+    //this.set_location();

+

+    this.resized();

+

+    if (this.ie7)

+      setTimeout(w3c_slidy.ie_hack, 100);

+

+    this.show_toolbar();

+

+    // for back button detection

+    setInterval(function () { w3c_slidy.check_location(); }, 200);

+    w3c_slidy.initialized = true;

+  },

+

+  // create div element with links to each slide

+  table_of_contents: function () {

+    var toc = this.create_element("div");

+    this.add_class(toc, "slidy_toc hidden");

+    //toc.setAttribute("tabindex", "0");

+

+    var heading = this.create_element("div");

+    this.add_class(heading, "toc-heading");

+    heading.innerHTML = "Table of Contents".localize();

+

+    toc.appendChild(heading);

+    var previous = null;

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < this.slides.length; ++i)

+    {

+      var title = this.has_class(this.slides[i], "title");

+      var num = document.createTextNode((i + 1) + ". ");

+

+      toc.appendChild(num);

+

+      var a = this.create_element("a");

+      a.setAttribute("href", "#(" + (i+1) + ")");

+

+      if (title)

+        this.add_class(a, "titleslide");

+

+      var name = document.createTextNode(this.slide_name(i));

+      a.appendChild(name);

+      a.onclick = w3c_slidy.toc_click;

+      a.onkeydown = w3c_slidy.toc_keydown;

+      a.previous = previous;

+

+      if (previous)

+        previous.next = a;

+

+      toc.appendChild(a);

+

+      if (i == 0)

+        toc.first = a;

+

+      if (i < this.slides.length - 1)

+      {

+        var br = this.create_element("br");

+        toc.appendChild(br);

+      }

+

+      previous = a;

+    }

+

+    toc.focus = function () {

+      if (this.first)

+        this.first.focus();

+    }

+

+    toc.onmouseup = w3c_slidy.mouse_button_up;

+

+    toc.onclick = function (e) {

+      e||(e=window.event);

+

+      if (w3c_slidy.selected_text_len <= 0)

+         w3c_slidy.hide_table_of_contents();

+

+      w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+

+      if (e.cancel != undefined)

+        e.cancel = true;

+

+      if (e.returnValue != undefined)

+        e.returnValue = false;

+

+      return false;

+    };

+

+    document.body.insertBefore(toc, document.body.firstChild);

+    return toc;

+  },

+

+  is_shown_toc: function () {

+    return !w3c_slidy.has_class(w3c_slidy.toc, "hidden");

+  },

+

+  show_table_of_contents: function () {

+    w3c_slidy.remove_class(w3c_slidy.toc, "hidden");

+    var toc = w3c_slidy.toc;

+    toc.focus();

+

+    if (w3c_slidy.ie7 && w3c_slidy.slide_number == 0)

+      setTimeout(w3c_slidy.ie_hack, 100);

+  },

+

+  hide_table_of_contents: function () {

+    w3c_slidy.add_class(w3c_slidy.toc, "hidden");

+

+    if (!w3c_slidy.opera)

+      w3c_slidy.help_anchor.focus();

+  },

+

+  toggle_table_of_contents: function () {

+    if (w3c_slidy.is_shown_toc())

+      w3c_slidy.hide_table_of_contents();

+    else

+      w3c_slidy.show_table_of_contents();

+  },

+

+  // called on clicking toc entry

+  toc_click: function (e) {

+    if (!e)

+      e = window.event;

+

+    var target = w3c_slidy.get_target(e);

+

+    if (target && target.nodeType == 1)

+    {

+      var uri = target.getAttribute("href");

+

+      if (uri)

+      {

+        //alert("going to " + uri);

+        var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+        w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+        w3c_slidy.slide_number = w3c_slidy.find_slide_number(uri);

+        slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+        w3c_slidy.last_shown = null;

+        w3c_slidy.set_location();

+        w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("hidden");

+        w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(!w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown));

+        w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+        //target.focus();

+

+        try

+        {

+          if (!w3c_slidy.opera)

+            w3c_slidy.help_anchor.focus();

+        }

+        catch (e)

+        {

+        }

+      }

+    }

+

+    w3c_slidy.hide_table_of_contents(e);

+    if (w3c_slidy.ie7) w3c_slidy.ie_hack();

+    w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+    return w3c_slidy.cancel(e);

+  },

+

+  // called onkeydown for toc entry

+  toc_keydown: function (event) {

+    var key;

+

+    if (!event)

+      var event = window.event;

+

+    // kludge around NS/IE differences

+    if (window.event)

+      key = window.event.keyCode;

+    else if (event.which)

+      key = event.which;

+    else

+      return true; // Yikes! unknown browser

+

+    // ignore event if key value is zero

+    // as for alt on Opera and Konqueror

+    if (!key)

+      return true;

+

+    // check for concurrent control/command/alt key

+    // but are these only present on mouse events?

+

+    if (event.ctrlKey || event.altKey)

+      return true;

+

+    if (key == 13)

+    {

+      var uri = this.getAttribute("href");

+

+      if (uri)

+      {

+        //alert("going to " + uri);

+       var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+        w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+        w3c_slidy.slide_number = w3c_slidy.find_slide_number(uri);

+        slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+        w3c_slidy.last_shown = null;

+        w3c_slidy.set_location();

+        w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("hidden");

+        w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(!w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown));

+        w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+        //target.focus();

+

+        try

+        {

+          if (!w3c_slidy.opera)

+            w3c_slidy.help_anchor.focus();

+        }

+        catch (e)

+        {

+        }

+      }

+

+      w3c_slidy.hide_table_of_contents();

+

+      if (self.ie7)

+       w3c_slidy.ie_hack();

+

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+

+    if (key == 40 && this.next)

+    {

+      this.next.focus();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+

+    if (key == 38 && this.previous)

+    {

+      this.previous.focus();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+

+    return true;

+  },

+

+

+  // ### OBSOLETE ###

+  before_print: function () {

+    this.show_all_slides();

+    this.hide_toolbar();

+    alert("before print");

+  },

+

+  // ### OBSOLETE ###

+  after_print: function () {

+    if (!this.view_all)

+    {

+      this.single_slide_view();

+      this.show_toolbar();

+    }

+    alert("after print");

+  },

+

+  // ### OBSOLETE ###

+  print_slides: function () {

+    this.before_print();

+    window.print();

+    this.after_print();

+  },

+

+  // ### OBSOLETE ?? ###

+  toggle_view: function () {

+    if (this.view_all)

+    {

+      this.single_slide_view();

+      this.show_toolbar();

+      this.view_all = 0;

+    }

+    else

+    {

+      this.show_all_slides();

+      this.hide_toolbar();

+      this.view_all = 1;

+    }

+  },

+

+  // prepare for printing  ### OBSOLETE ###

+  show_all_slides: function () {

+    this.remove_class(document.body, "single_slide");

+    this.set_visibility_all_incremental("visible");

+  },

+

+  // restore after printing  ### OBSOLETE ###

+  single_slide_view: function () {

+    this.add_class(document.body, "single_slide");

+    this.set_visibility_all_incremental("visible");

+    this.last_shown = this.previous_incremental_item(null);

+  },

+

+  // suppress IE's image toolbar pop up

+  hide_image_toolbar: function () {

+    if (!this.ns_pos)

+    {

+      var images = document.getElementsByTagName("IMG");

+

+      for (var i = 0; i < images.length; ++i)

+        images[i].setAttribute("galleryimg", "no");

+    }

+  },

+

+  unloaded: function (e) {

+    //alert("unloaded");

+  },

+

+  // Safari and Konqueror don't yet support getComputedStyle()

+  // and they always reload page when location.href is updated

+  is_KHTML: function () {

+    var agent = navigator.userAgent;

+    return (agent.indexOf("KHTML") >= 0 ? true : false);

+  },

+

+  // find slide name from first h1 element

+  // default to document title + slide number

+  slide_name: function (index) {

+    var name = null;

+    var slide = this.slides[index];

+

+    var heading = this.find_heading(slide);

+

+    if (heading)

+      name = this.extract_text(heading);

+

+    if (!name)

+      name = this.title + "(" + (index + 1) + ")";

+

+    name.replace(/\&/g, "&amp;");

+    name.replace(/\</g, "&lt;");

+    name.replace(/\>/g, "&gt;");

+

+    return name;

+  },

+

+  // find first h1 element in DOM tree

+  find_heading: function (node) {

+    if (!node || node.nodeType != 1)

+      return null;

+

+    if (node.nodeName == "H1" || node.nodeName == "h1")

+      return node;

+

+    var child = node.firstChild;

+

+    while (child)

+    {

+      node = this.find_heading(child);

+

+      if (node)

+        return node;

+

+      child = child.nextSibling;

+    }

+

+    return null;

+  },

+

+  // recursively extract text from DOM tree

+  extract_text: function (node) {

+    if (!node)

+      return "";

+

+    // text nodes

+    if (node.nodeType == 3)

+      return node.nodeValue;

+

+    // elements

+    if (node.nodeType == 1)

+    {

+      node = node.firstChild;

+      var text = "";

+

+      while (node)

+      {

+        text = text + this.extract_text(node);

+        node = node.nextSibling;

+      }

+

+      return text;

+    }

+

+    return "";

+  },

+

+  // find copyright text from meta element

+  find_copyright: function () {

+    var name, content;

+    var meta = document.getElementsByTagName("meta");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < meta.length; ++i)

+    {

+      name = meta[i].getAttribute("name");

+      content = meta[i].getAttribute("content");

+

+      if (name == "copyright")

+        return content;

+    }

+

+    return null;

+  },

+

+  find_size_adjust: function () {

+    var name, content, offset;

+    var meta = document.getElementsByTagName("meta");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < meta.length; ++i)

+    {

+      name = meta[i].getAttribute("name");

+      content = meta[i].getAttribute("content");

+

+      if (name == "font-size-adjustment")

+        return 1 * content;

+    }

+

+    return 1;

+  },

+

+  // <meta name="duration" content="20" />  for 20 minutes

+  find_duration: function () {

+    var name, content, offset;

+    var meta = document.getElementsByTagName("meta");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < meta.length; ++i)

+    {

+      name = meta[i].getAttribute("name");

+      content = meta[i].getAttribute("content");

+

+      if (name == "duration")

+        return 60000 * content;

+    }

+

+    return null;

+  },

+

+  replace_by_non_breaking_space: function (str) {

+    for (var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i)

+      str[i] = 160;

+  },

+

+  // ### CHECK ME ### is use of "li" okay for text/html?

+  // for XHTML do we also need to specify namespace?

+  init_outliner: function () {

+    var items = document.getElementsByTagName("li");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < items.length; ++i)

+    {

+      var target = items[i];

+

+      if (!this.has_class(target.parentNode, "outline"))

+        continue;

+

+      target.onclick = this.outline_click;

+/* ### more work needed for IE6

+      if (!this.ns_pos)

+      {

+        target.onmouseover = this.hover_outline;

+        target.onmouseout = this.unhover_outline;

+      }

+*/

+      if (this.foldable(target))

+      {

+        target.foldable = true;

+        target.onfocus = function () {w3c_slidy.outline = this;};

+        target.onblur = function () {w3c_slidy.outline = null;};

+

+        if (!target.getAttribute("tabindex"))

+          target.setAttribute("tabindex", "0");

+

+        if (this.has_class(target, "expand"))

+          this.unfold(target);

+        else

+          this.fold(target);

+      }

+      else

+      {

+        this.add_class(target, "nofold");

+        target.visible = true;

+        target.foldable = false;

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  foldable: function (item) {

+    if (!item || item.nodeType != 1)

+      return false;

+

+    var node = item.firstChild;

+

+    while (node)

+    {

+      if (node.nodeType == 1 && this.is_block(node))

+        return true;

+

+      node = node.nextSibling;

+    }

+

+    return false;

+  },

+

+  // ### CHECK ME ### switch to add/remove "hidden" class

+  fold: function (item) {

+    if (item)

+    {

+      this.remove_class(item, "unfolded");

+      this.add_class(item, "folded");

+    }

+

+    var node = item ? item.firstChild : null;

+

+    while (node)

+    {

+      if (node.nodeType == 1 && this.is_block(node)) // element

+      {

+         w3c_slidy.add_class(node, "hidden");

+      }

+

+      node = node.nextSibling;

+    }

+

+    item.visible = false;

+  },

+

+  // ### CHECK ME ### switch to add/remove "hidden" class

+  unfold: function (item) {

+    if (item)

+    {

+      this.add_class(item, "unfolded");

+      this.remove_class(item, "folded");

+    }

+

+    var node = item ? item.firstChild : null;

+

+    while (node)

+    {

+      if (node.nodeType == 1 && this.is_block(node)) // element

+      {

+        w3c_slidy.remove_class(node, "hidden");

+      }

+

+      node = node.nextSibling;

+    }

+

+    item.visible = true;

+  },

+

+  outline_click: function (e) {

+    if (!e)

+      e = window.event;

+

+    var rightclick = false;

+    var target = w3c_slidy.get_target(e);

+

+    while (target && target.visible == undefined)

+      target = target.parentNode;

+

+    if (!target)

+      return true;

+

+    if (e.which)

+      rightclick = (e.which == 3);

+    else if (e.button)

+      rightclick = (e.button == 2);

+

+    if (!rightclick && target.visible != undefined)

+    {

+      if (target.foldable)

+      {

+        if (target.visible)

+          w3c_slidy.fold(target);

+        else

+          w3c_slidy.unfold(target);

+      }

+

+      w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+      e.cancel = true;

+      e.returnValue = false;

+    }

+

+    return false;

+  },

+

+  add_initial_prompt: function () {

+    var prompt = this.create_element("div");

+    prompt.setAttribute("class", "initial_prompt");

+

+    var p1 = this.create_element("p");

+    prompt.appendChild(p1);

+    p1.setAttribute("class", "help");

+

+    if (this.keyboardless)

+      p1.innerHTML = "Tap footer to move to next slide";

+    else

+      p1.innerHTML = "Space or Right Arrow to move to next " +

+                     "slide, click help below for more details";

+

+    this.add_listener(prompt, "click", function (e) {

+      document.body.removeChild(prompt);

+      w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+

+      if (e.cancel != undefined)

+        e.cancel = true;

+

+      if (e.returnValue != undefined)

+        e.returnValue = false;

+

+      return false;

+    });

+

+    document.body.appendChild(prompt);

+    this.initial_prompt = prompt;

+    setTimeout(function() {document.body.removeChild(prompt);}, 5000);

+  },

+

+  add_toolbar: function () {

+    var counter, page;

+

+     this.toolbar = this.create_element("div");

+     this.toolbar.setAttribute("class", "toolbar");

+

+     // a reasonably behaved browser

+     if (this.ns_pos || !this.ie6)

+     {

+       var right = this.create_element("div");

+       right.setAttribute("style", "float: right; text-align: right");

+

+       counter = this.create_element("span")

+       counter.innerHTML = "slide".localize() + " n/m";

+       right.appendChild(counter);

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(right);

+

+       var left = this.create_element("div");

+       left.setAttribute("style", "text-align: left");

+

+       // global end of slide indicator

+       this.eos = this.create_element("span");

+       this.eos.innerHTML = "* ";

+       left.appendChild(this.eos);

+

+       var help = this.create_element("a");

+       help.setAttribute("href", this.help_page);

+       help.setAttribute("title", this.help_text.localize());

+       help.innerHTML = "help?".localize();

+       left.appendChild(help);

+       this.help_anchor = help;  // save for focus hack

+

+       var gap1 = document.createTextNode(" ");

+       left.appendChild(gap1);

+

+       var contents = this.create_element("a");

+       contents.setAttribute("href", "javascript:w3c_slidy.toggle_table_of_contents()");

+       contents.setAttribute("title", "table of contents".localize());

+       contents.innerHTML = "contents?".localize();

+       left.appendChild(contents);

+

+       var gap2 = document.createTextNode(" ");

+       left.appendChild(gap2);

+

+       var copyright = this.find_copyright();

+

+       if (copyright)

+       {

+         var span = this.create_element("span");

+         span.className = "copyright";

+         span.innerHTML = copyright;

+         left.appendChild(span);

+       }

+

+       this.toolbar.setAttribute("tabindex", "0");

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(left);

+     }

+     else // IE6 so need to work around its poor CSS support

+     {

+       this.toolbar.style.position = (this.ie7 ? "fixed" : "absolute");

+       this.toolbar.style.zIndex = "200";

+       this.toolbar.style.width = "99.9%";

+       this.toolbar.style.height = "1.2em";

+       this.toolbar.style.top = "auto";

+       this.toolbar.style.bottom = "0";

+       this.toolbar.style.left = "0";

+       this.toolbar.style.right = "0";

+       this.toolbar.style.textAlign = "left";

+       this.toolbar.style.fontSize = "60%";

+       this.toolbar.style.color = "red";

+       this.toolbar.borderWidth = 0;

+       this.toolbar.className = "toolbar";

+       this.toolbar.style.background = "rgb(240,240,240)";

+

+       // would like to have help text left aligned

+       // and page counter right aligned, floating

+       // div's don't work, so instead use nested

+       // absolutely positioned div's.

+

+       var sp = this.create_element("span");

+       sp.innerHTML = "&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;";

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(sp);

+       this.eos = sp;  // end of slide indicator

+

+       var help = this.create_element("a");

+       help.setAttribute("href", this.help_page);

+       help.setAttribute("title", this.help_text.localize());

+       help.innerHTML = "help?".localize();

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(help);

+       this.help_anchor = help;  // save for focus hack

+

+       var gap1 = document.createTextNode(" ");

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(gap1);

+

+       var contents = this.create_element("a");

+       contents.setAttribute("href", "javascript:toggleTableOfContents()");

+       contents.setAttribute("title", "table of contents".localize());

+       contents.innerHTML = "contents?".localize();

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(contents);

+

+       var gap2 = document.createTextNode(" ");

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(gap2);

+

+       var copyright = this.find_copyright();

+

+       if (copyright)

+       {

+         var span = this.create_element("span");

+         span.innerHTML = copyright;

+         span.style.color = "black";

+         span.style.marginLeft = "0.5em";

+         this.toolbar.appendChild(span);

+       }

+

+       counter = this.create_element("div")

+       counter.style.position = "absolute";

+       counter.style.width = "auto"; //"20%";

+       counter.style.height = "1.2em";

+       counter.style.top = "auto";

+       counter.style.bottom = 0;

+       counter.style.right = "0";

+       counter.style.textAlign = "right";

+       counter.style.color = "red";

+       counter.style.background = "rgb(240,240,240)";

+

+       counter.innerHTML = "slide".localize() + " n/m";

+       this.toolbar.appendChild(counter);

+     }

+

+     // ensure that click isn't passed through to the page

+     this.toolbar.onclick =

+         function (e) {

+           if (!e)

+             e = window.event;

+

+           var target = e.target;

+

+           if (!target && e.srcElement)

+             target = e.srcElement;

+

+           // work around Safari bug

+           if (target && target.nodeType == 3)

+             target = target.parentNode;

+

+           w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+

+           if (target && target.nodeName.toLowerCase() != "a")

+             w3c_slidy.mouse_button_click(e);

+         };

+

+     this.slide_number_element = counter;

+     this.set_eos_status(false);

+     document.body.appendChild(this.toolbar);

+  },

+

+  // wysiwyg editors make it hard to use div elements

+  // e.g. amaya loses the div when you copy and paste

+  // this function wraps div elements around implicit

+  // slides which start with an h1 element and continue

+  // up to the next heading or div element

+  wrap_implicit_slides: function () {

+    var i, heading, node, next, div;

+    var headings = document.getElementsByTagName("h1");

+

+    if (!headings)

+      return;

+

+    for (i = 0; i < headings.length; ++i)

+    {

+      heading = headings[i];

+

+      if (heading.parentNode != document.body)

+        continue;

+

+      node = heading.nextSibling;

+

+      div = document.createElement("div");

+      this.add_class(div, "slide");

+      document.body.replaceChild(div, heading);

+      div.appendChild(heading);

+

+      while (node)

+      {

+        if (node.nodeType == 1 &&    // an element

+             (node.nodeName == "H1" ||

+              node.nodeName == "h1" ||

+              node.nodeName == "DIV" ||

+              node.nodeName == "div"))

+          break;

+

+        next = node.nextSibling;

+        node = document.body.removeChild(node);

+        div.appendChild(node);

+        node = next;

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+// return new array of all slides

+  collect_slides: function () {

+    var slides = new Array();

+    var divs = document.body.getElementsByTagName("div");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < divs.length; ++i)

+    {

+      div = divs.item(i);

+

+      if (this.has_class(div, "slide"))

+      {

+        // add slide to collection

+        slides[slides.length] = div;

+

+        // hide each slide as it is found

+        this.add_class(div, "hidden");

+

+        // add dummy <br/> at end for scrolling hack

+        var node1 = document.createElement("br");

+        div.appendChild(node1);

+        var node2 = document.createElement("br");

+        div.appendChild(node2);

+      }

+      else if (this.has_class(div, "background"))

+      {  // work around for Firefox SVG reload bug

+        // which otherwise replaces 1st SVG graphic with 2nd

+        div.style.display = "block";

+      }

+    }

+

+    this.slides = slides;

+  },

+

+  // return new array of all <div class="handout">

+  collect_notes: function () {

+    var notes = new Array();

+    var divs = document.body.getElementsByTagName("div");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < divs.length; ++i)

+    {

+      div = divs.item(i);

+

+      if (this.has_class(div, "handout"))

+      {

+        // add note to collection

+        notes[notes.length] = div;

+

+        // and hide it

+        this.add_class(div, "hidden");

+      }

+    }

+

+    this.notes = notes;

+  },

+

+  // return new array of all <div class="background">

+  // including named backgrounds e.g. class="background titlepage"

+  collect_backgrounds: function () {

+    var backgrounds = new Array();

+    var divs = document.body.getElementsByTagName("div");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < divs.length; ++i)

+    {

+      div = divs.item(i);

+

+      if (this.has_class(div, "background"))

+      {

+        // add background to collection

+        backgrounds[backgrounds.length] = div;

+

+        // and hide it

+        this.add_class(div, "hidden");

+      }

+    }

+

+    this.backgrounds = backgrounds;

+  },

+

+  // set click handlers on all anchors

+  patch_anchors: function () {

+    var self = w3c_slidy;

+    var handler = function (event) {

+      // compare this.href with location.href

+      // for link to another slide in this doc

+

+      if (self.page_address(this.href) == self.page_address(location.href))

+      {

+        // yes, so find new slide number

+        var newslidenum = self.find_slide_number(this.href);

+

+        if (newslidenum != self.slide_number)

+        {

+          var slide = self.slides[self.slide_number];

+          self.hide_slide(slide);

+          self.slide_number = newslidenum;

+          slide = self.slides[self.slide_number];

+          self.show_slide(slide);

+          self.set_location();

+        }

+      }

+      else if (this.target == null)

+        location.href = this.href;

+

+      this.blur();

+      self.disable_slide_click = true;

+    };

+

+    var anchors = document.body.getElementsByTagName("a");

+

+    for (var i = 0; i < anchors.length; ++i)

+    {

+      if (window.addEventListener)

+        anchors[i].addEventListener("click", handler, false);

+      else

+        anchors[i].attachEvent("onclick", handler);

+    }

+  },

+

+  // ### CHECK ME ### see which functions are invoked via setTimeout

+  // either directly or indirectly for use of w3c_slidy vs this

+  show_slide_number: function () {

+    var timer = w3c_slidy.get_timer();

+    w3c_slidy.slide_number_element.innerHTML = timer + "slide".localize() + " " +

+           (w3c_slidy.slide_number + 1) + "/" + w3c_slidy.slides.length;

+  },

+

+  // every 200mS check if the location has been changed as a

+  // result of the user activating the Back button/menu item

+  // doesn't work for Opera < 9.5

+  check_location: function () {

+    var hash = location.hash;

+

+    if (w3c_slidy.slide_number > 0 && (hash == "" || hash == "#"))

+      w3c_slidy.goto_slide(0);

+    else if (hash.length > 2 && hash != "#("+(w3c_slidy.slide_number+1)+")")

+    {

+      var num = parseInt(location.hash.substr(2));

+

+      if (!isNaN(num))

+        w3c_slidy.goto_slide(num-1);

+    }

+

+    if (w3c_slidy.time_left && w3c_slidy.slide_number > 0)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.show_slide_number();

+

+      if (w3c_slidy.time_left > 0)

+        w3c_slidy.time_left -= 200;

+    }

+  },

+

+  get_timer: function () {

+    var timer = "";

+    if (w3c_slidy.time_left)

+    {

+      var mins, secs;

+      secs = Math.floor(w3c_slidy.time_left/1000);

+      mins = Math.floor(secs / 60);

+      secs = secs % 60;

+      timer = (mins ? mins+"m" : "") + secs + "s ";

+    }

+

+    return timer;

+  },

+

+  // this doesn't push location onto history stack for IE

+  // for which a hidden iframe hack is needed: load page into

+  // the iframe with script that set's parent's location.hash

+  // but that won't work for standalone use unless we can

+  // create the page dynamically via a javascript: URL

+  set_location: function () {

+     var uri = w3c_slidy.page_address(location.href);

+     var hash = "#(" + (w3c_slidy.slide_number+1) + ")";

+

+     if (w3c_slidy.slide_number >= 0)

+       uri = uri + hash;

+

+     if (w3c_slidy.ie && !w3c_slidy.ie8)

+       w3c_slidy.push_hash(hash);

+

+     if (uri != location.href) // && !khtml

+        location.href = uri;

+

+     if (this.khtml)

+        hash = "(" + (w3c_slidy.slide_number+1) + ")";

+

+     if (!this.ie && location.hash != hash && location.hash != "")

+       location.hash = hash;

+

+     document.title = w3c_slidy.title + " (" + (w3c_slidy.slide_number+1) + ")";

+     w3c_slidy.show_slide_number();

+  },

+

+  page_address: function (uri) {

+    var i = uri.indexOf("#");

+

+    if (i < 0)

+      i = uri.indexOf("%23");

+

+    // check if anchor is entire page

+

+    if (i < 0)

+      return uri;  // yes

+

+    return uri.substr(0, i);

+  },

+

+  // only used for IE6 and IE7

+  on_frame_loaded: function (hash) {

+    location.hash = hash;

+    var uri = w3c_slidy.page_address(location.href);

+    location.href = uri + hash;

+  },

+

+  // history hack with thanks to Bertrand Le Roy

+  push_hash: function (hash) {

+    if (hash == "") hash = "#(1)";

+      window.location.hash = hash;

+

+    var doc = document.getElementById("historyFrame").contentWindow.document;

+    doc.open("javascript:'<html></html>'");

+    // PWL modified this string literal to break the close script tag

+    // which otherwise gets parsed when incorporated

+    doc.write("<html><head><script type=\"text/javascript\">window.parent.w3c_slidy.on_frame_loaded('"+

+      (hash) + "');</" + "script></head><body>hello mum</body></html>");

+    doc.close();

+    },

+

+  // find current slide based upon location

+  // first find target anchor and then look

+  // for associated div element enclosing it

+  // finally map that to slide number

+  find_slide_number: function (uri) {

+    // first get anchor from page location

+

+    var i = uri.indexOf("#");

+

+    // check if anchor is entire page

+    if (i < 0)

+      return 0;  // yes

+

+    var anchor = unescape(uri.substr(i+1));

+

+    // now use anchor as XML ID to find target

+    var target = document.getElementById(anchor);

+

+    if (!target)

+    {

+      // does anchor look like "(2)" for slide 2 ??

+      // where first slide is (1)

+      var re = /\((\d)+\)/;

+

+      if (anchor.match(re))

+      {

+        var num = parseInt(anchor.substring(1, anchor.length-1));

+

+        if (num > this.slides.length)

+          num = 1;

+

+        if (--num < 0)

+          num = 0;

+

+        return num;

+      }

+

+      // accept [2] for backwards compatibility

+      re = /\[(\d)+\]/;

+

+      if (anchor.match(re))

+      {

+         var num = parseInt(anchor.substring(1, anchor.length-1));

+

+         if (num > this.slides.length)

+            num = 1;

+

+         if (--num < 0)

+            num = 0;

+

+         return num;

+      }

+

+      // oh dear unknown anchor

+      return 0;

+    }

+

+    // search for enclosing slide

+

+    while (true)

+    {

+      // browser coerces html elements to uppercase!

+      if (target.nodeName.toLowerCase() == "div" &&

+            this.has_class(target, "slide"))

+      {

+        // found the slide element

+        break;

+      }

+

+      // otherwise try parent element if any

+

+      target = target.parentNode;

+

+      if (!target)

+      {

+        return 0;   // no luck!

+      }

+    };

+

+    for (i = 0; i < slides.length; ++i)

+    {

+      if (slides[i] == target)

+        return i;  // success

+    }

+

+    // oh dear still no luck

+    return 0;

+  },

+

+  previous_slide: function (incremental) {

+    if (!w3c_slidy.view_all)

+    {

+      var slide;

+

+      if ((incremental || w3c_slidy.slide_number == 0) && w3c_slidy.last_shown != null)

+      {

+        w3c_slidy.last_shown = w3c_slidy.hide_previous_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown);

+        w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(false);

+      }

+      else if (w3c_slidy.slide_number > 0)

+      {

+        slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+        w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+

+        w3c_slidy.slide_number = w3c_slidy.slide_number - 1;

+        slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+        w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("visible");

+        w3c_slidy.last_shown = w3c_slidy.previous_incremental_item(null);

+        w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(true);

+        w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+      }

+

+      w3c_slidy.set_location();

+

+      if (!w3c_slidy.ns_pos)

+        w3c_slidy.refresh_toolbar(200);

+    }

+  },

+

+  next_slide: function (incremental) {

+    if (!w3c_slidy.view_all)

+    {

+      var slide, last = w3c_slidy.last_shown;

+

+      if (incremental || w3c_slidy.slide_number == w3c_slidy.slides.length - 1)

+         w3c_slidy.last_shown = w3c_slidy.reveal_next_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown);

+

+      if ((!incremental || w3c_slidy.last_shown == null) &&

+             w3c_slidy.slide_number < w3c_slidy.slides.length - 1)

+      {

+         slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+

+         w3c_slidy.slide_number = w3c_slidy.slide_number + 1;

+         slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.last_shown = null;

+         w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("hidden");

+         w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+      }

+      else if (!w3c_slidy.last_shown)

+      {

+         if (last && incremental)

+           w3c_slidy.last_shown = last;

+      }

+

+      w3c_slidy.set_location();

+

+      w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(!w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown));

+

+      if (!w3c_slidy.ns_pos)

+         w3c_slidy.refresh_toolbar(200);

+     }

+  },

+

+  // to first slide with nothing revealed

+  // i.e. state at start of presentation

+  first_slide: function () {

+     if (!w3c_slidy.view_all)

+     {

+       var slide;

+

+       if (w3c_slidy.slide_number != 0)

+       {

+         slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+

+         w3c_slidy.slide_number = 0;

+         slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.last_shown = null;

+         w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("hidden");

+         w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+       }

+

+       w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(

+         !w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown));

+       w3c_slidy.set_location();

+     }

+  },

+

+  // goto last slide with everything revealed

+  // i.e. state at end of presentation

+  last_slide: function () {

+    if (!w3c_slidy.view_all)

+    {

+      var slide;

+

+      w3c_slidy.last_shown = null; //revealNextItem(lastShown);

+

+      if (w3c_slidy.last_shown == null &&

+          w3c_slidy.slide_number < w3c_slidy.slides.length - 1)

+      {

+         slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+         w3c_slidy.slide_number = w3c_slidy.slides.length - 1;

+         slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("visible");

+         w3c_slidy.last_shown = w3c_slidy.previous_incremental_item(null);

+

+         w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+      }

+      else

+      {

+         w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("visible");

+         w3c_slidy.last_shown = w3c_slidy.previous_incremental_item(null);

+      }

+

+      w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(true);

+      w3c_slidy.set_location();

+    }

+  },

+

+

+  // ### check this and consider add/remove class

+  set_eos_status: function (state) {

+    if (this.eos)

+      this.eos.style.color = (state ? "rgb(240,240,240)" : "red");

+  },

+

+  // first slide is 0

+  goto_slide: function (num) {

+    //alert("going to slide " + (num+1));

+    var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+    w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+    w3c_slidy.slide_number = num;

+    slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+    w3c_slidy.last_shown = null;

+    w3c_slidy.set_visibility_all_incremental("hidden");

+    w3c_slidy.set_eos_status(!w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(w3c_slidy.last_shown));

+    document.title = w3c_slidy.title + " (" + (w3c_slidy.slide_number+1) + ")";

+    w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+    w3c_slidy.show_slide_number();

+  },

+

+

+  show_slide: function (slide) {

+    this.sync_background(slide);

+    window.scrollTo(0,0);

+    this.remove_class(slide, "hidden");

+  },

+

+  hide_slide: function (slide) {

+    this.add_class(slide, "hidden");

+  },

+

+  // show just the backgrounds pertinent to this slide

+  // when slide background-color is transparent

+  // this should now work with rgba color values

+  sync_background: function (slide) {

+    var background;

+    var bgColor;

+

+    if (slide.currentStyle)

+      bgColor = slide.currentStyle["backgroundColor"];

+    else if (document.defaultView)

+    {

+      var styles = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(slide,null);

+

+      if (styles)

+        bgColor = styles.getPropertyValue("background-color");

+      else // broken implementation probably due Safari or Konqueror

+      {

+        //alert("defective implementation of getComputedStyle()");

+        bgColor = "transparent";

+      }

+    }

+    else

+      bgColor == "transparent";

+

+    if (bgColor == "transparent" ||

+        bgColor.indexOf("rgba") >= 0 ||

+        bgColor.indexOf("opacity") >= 0)

+    {

+      var slideClass = this.get_class_list(slide);

+

+      for (var i = 0; i < this.backgrounds.length; i++)

+      {

+        background = this.backgrounds[i];

+

+        var bgClass = this.get_class_list(background);

+

+        if (this.matching_background(slideClass, bgClass))

+          this.remove_class(background, "hidden");

+        else

+          this.add_class(background, "hidden");

+      }

+    }

+    else // forcibly hide all backgrounds

+      this.hide_backgrounds();

+  },

+

+  hide_backgrounds: function () {

+    for (var i = 0; i < this.backgrounds.length; i++)

+    {

+      background = this.backgrounds[i];

+      this.add_class(background, "hidden");

+    }

+  },

+

+  // compare classes for slide and background

+  matching_background: function (slideClass, bgClass) {

+    var i, count, pattern, result;

+

+    // define pattern as regular expression

+    pattern = /\w+/g;

+

+    // check background class names

+    result = bgClass.match(pattern);

+

+    for (i = count = 0; i < result.length; i++)

+    {

+      if (result[i] == "hidden")

+        continue;

+

+      if (result[i] == "background")

+	continue;

+

+      ++count;

+    }

+

+    if (count == 0)  // default match

+      return true;

+

+    // check for matches and place result in array

+    result = slideClass.match(pattern);

+

+    // now check if desired name is present for background

+    for (i = count = 0; i < result.length; i++)

+    {

+      if (result[i] == "hidden")

+        continue;

+

+      if (this.has_token(bgClass, result[i]))

+        return true;

+    }

+

+    return false;

+  },

+

+  resized: function () {

+     var width = 0;

+

+     if ( typeof( window.innerWidth ) == 'number' )

+       width = window.innerWidth;  // Non IE browser

+     else if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.clientWidth)

+       width = document.documentElement.clientWidth;  // IE6

+     else if (document.body && document.body.clientWidth)

+       width = document.body.clientWidth; // IE4

+

+     var height = 0;

+

+     if ( typeof( window.innerHeight ) == 'number' )

+       height = window.innerHeight;  // Non IE browser

+     else if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.clientHeight)

+       height = document.documentElement.clientHeight;  // IE6

+     else if (document.body && document.body.clientHeight)

+       height = document.body.clientHeight; // IE4

+

+     if (height && (width/height > 1.05*1024/768))

+     {

+       width = height * 1024.0/768;

+     }

+

+     // IE fires onresize even when only font size is changed!

+     // so we do a check to avoid blocking < and > actions

+     if (width != w3c_slidy.last_width || height != w3c_slidy.last_height)

+     {

+       if (width >= 1100)

+         w3c_slidy.size_index = 5;    // 4

+       else if (width >= 1000)

+         w3c_slidy.size_index = 4;    // 3

+       else if (width >= 800)

+         w3c_slidy.size_index = 3;    // 2

+       else if (width >= 600)

+         w3c_slidy.size_index = 2;    // 1

+       else if (width)

+         w3c_slidy.size_index = 0;

+

+       // add in font size adjustment from meta element e.g.

+       // <meta name="font-size-adjustment" content="-2" />

+       // useful when slides have too much content ;-)

+

+       if (0 <= w3c_slidy.size_index + w3c_slidy.size_adjustment &&

+             w3c_slidy.size_index + w3c_slidy.size_adjustment < w3c_slidy.sizes.length)

+         w3c_slidy.size_index = w3c_slidy.size_index + w3c_slidy.size_adjustment;

+

+       // enables cross browser use of relative width/height

+       // on object elements for use with SVG and Flash media

+       w3c_slidy.adjust_object_dimensions(width, height);

+

+       if (document.body.style.fontSize != w3c_slidy.sizes[w3c_slidy.size_index])

+       {

+         document.body.style.fontSize = w3c_slidy.sizes[w3c_slidy.size_index];

+       }

+

+       w3c_slidy.last_width = width;

+       w3c_slidy.last_height = height;

+

+       // force reflow to work around Mozilla bug

+       if (w3c_slidy.ns_pos)

+       {

+         var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+         w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+         w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+       }

+

+       // force correct positioning of toolbar

+       w3c_slidy.refresh_toolbar(200);

+     }

+  },

+

+  scrolled: function () {

+    if (w3c_slidy.toolbar && !w3c_slidy.ns_pos && !w3c_slidy.ie7)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.hack_offset = w3c_slidy.scroll_x_offset();

+      // hide toolbar

+      w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.display = "none";

+

+      // make it reappear later

+      if (w3c_slidy.scrollhack == 0 && !w3c_slidy.view_all)

+      {

+        setTimeout(function () {w3c_slidy.show_toolbar(); }, 1000);

+        w3c_slidy.scrollhack = 1;

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  hide_toolbar: function () {

+    w3c_slidy.add_class(w3c_slidy.toolbar, "hidden");

+    window.focus();

+  },

+

+  // used to ensure IE refreshes toolbar in correct position

+  refresh_toolbar: function (interval) {

+    if (!w3c_slidy.ns_pos && !w3c_slidy.ie7)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.hide_toolbar();

+      setTimeout(function () {w3c_slidy.show_toolbar(); }, interval);

+    }

+  },

+

+  // restores toolbar after short delay

+  show_toolbar: function () {

+    if (w3c_slidy.want_toolbar)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.display = "block";

+

+      if (!w3c_slidy.ns_pos)

+      {

+        // adjust position to allow for scrolling

+        var xoffset = w3c_slidy.scroll_x_offset();

+        w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.left = xoffset;

+        w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.right = xoffset;

+

+        // determine vertical scroll offset

+        //var yoffset = scrollYOffset();

+

+        // bottom is doc height - window height - scroll offset

+        //var bottom = documentHeight() - lastHeight - yoffset

+

+        //if (yoffset > 0 || documentHeight() > lastHeight)

+        //   bottom += 16;  // allow for height of scrollbar

+

+        w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.bottom = 0; //bottom;

+      }

+

+      w3c_slidy.remove_class(w3c_slidy.toolbar, "hidden");

+    }

+

+    w3c_slidy.scrollhack = 0;

+

+

+    // set the keyboard focus to the help link on the

+    // toolbar to ensure that document has the focus

+    // IE doesn't always work with window.focus()

+    // and this hack has benefit of Enter for help

+

+    try

+    {

+      if (!w3c_slidy.opera)

+        w3c_slidy.help_anchor.focus();

+    }

+    catch (e)

+    {

+    }

+  },

+

+// invoked via F key

+  toggle_toolbar: function () {

+    if (!w3c_slidy.view_all)

+    {

+      if (w3c_slidy.has_class(w3c_slidy.toolbar, "hidden"))

+      {

+        w3c_slidy.remove_class(w3c_slidy.toolbar, "hidden")

+        w3c_slidy.want_toolbar = 1;

+      }

+      else

+      {

+        w3c_slidy.add_class(w3c_slidy.toolbar, "hidden")

+        w3c_slidy.want_toolbar = 0;

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  scroll_x_offset: function () {

+    if (window.pageXOffset)

+      return self.pageXOffset;

+

+    if (document.documentElement &&

+             document.documentElement.scrollLeft)

+      return document.documentElement.scrollLeft;

+

+    if (document.body)

+      return document.body.scrollLeft;

+

+    return 0;

+  },

+

+  scroll_y_offset: function () {

+    if (window.pageYOffset)

+      return self.pageYOffset;

+

+    if (document.documentElement &&

+             document.documentElement.scrollTop)

+      return document.documentElement.scrollTop;

+

+    if (document.body)

+      return document.body.scrollTop;

+

+    return 0;

+  },

+

+  // looking for a way to determine height of slide content

+  // the slide itself is set to the height of the window

+  optimize_font_size: function () {

+    var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+

+    //var dh = documentHeight(); //getDocHeight(document);

+    var dh = slide.scrollHeight;

+    var wh = getWindowHeight();

+    var u = 100 * dh / wh;

+

+    alert("window utilization = " + u + "% (doc "

+      + dh + " win " + wh + ")");

+  },

+

+  // from document object

+  get_doc_height: function (doc) {

+    if (!doc)

+      doc = document;

+

+    if (doc && doc.body && doc.body.offsetHeight)

+      return doc.body.offsetHeight;  // ns/gecko syntax

+

+    if (doc && doc.body && doc.body.scrollHeight)

+      return doc.body.scrollHeight;

+

+    alert("couldn't determine document height");

+  },

+

+  get_window_height: function () {

+    if ( typeof( window.innerHeight ) == 'number' )

+      return window.innerHeight;  // Non IE browser

+

+    if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.clientHeight)

+      return document.documentElement.clientHeight;  // IE6

+

+    if (document.body && document.body.clientHeight)

+      return document.body.clientHeight; // IE4

+  },

+

+  document_height: function () {

+    var sh, oh;

+

+    sh = document.body.scrollHeight;

+    oh = document.body.offsetHeight;

+

+    if (sh && oh)

+    {

+      return (sh > oh ? sh : oh);

+    }

+

+    // no idea!

+    return 0;

+  },

+

+  smaller: function () {

+    if (w3c_slidy.size_index > 0)

+    {

+      --w3c_slidy.size_index;

+    }

+

+    w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.display = "none";

+    document.body.style.fontSize = w3c_slidy.sizes[w3c_slidy.size_index];

+    var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+    w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+    w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+    setTimeout(function () {w3c_slidy.show_toolbar(); }, 50);

+  },

+

+  bigger: function () {

+    if (w3c_slidy.size_index < w3c_slidy.sizes.length - 1)

+    {

+      ++w3c_slidy.size_index;

+    }

+

+    w3c_slidy.toolbar.style.display = "none";

+    document.body.style.fontSize = w3c_slidy.sizes[w3c_slidy.size_index];

+    var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+    w3c_slidy.hide_slide(slide);

+    w3c_slidy.show_slide(slide);

+    setTimeout(function () {w3c_slidy.show_toolbar(); }, 50);

+  },

+

+  // enables cross browser use of relative width/height

+  // on object elements for use with SVG and Flash media

+  // with thanks to Ivan Herman for the suggestion

+  adjust_object_dimensions: function (width, height) {

+    for( var i = 0; i < w3c_slidy.objects.length; i++ )

+    {

+      var obj = this.objects[i];

+      var mimeType = obj.getAttribute("type");

+

+      if (mimeType == "image/svg+xml" || mimeType == "application/x-shockwave-flash")

+      {

+        if ( !obj.initialWidth )

+          obj.initialWidth = obj.getAttribute("width");

+

+        if ( !obj.initialHeight )

+          obj.initialHeight = obj.getAttribute("height");

+

+        if ( obj.initialWidth && obj.initialWidth.charAt(obj.initialWidth.length-1) == "%" )

+        {

+          var w = parseInt(obj.initialWidth.slice(0, obj.initialWidth.length-1));

+          var newW = width * (w/100.0);

+          obj.setAttribute("width",newW);

+        }

+

+        if ( obj.initialHeight &&

+             obj.initialHeight.charAt(obj.initialHeight.length-1) == "%" )

+        {

+          var h = parseInt(obj.initialHeight.slice(0, obj.initialHeight.length-1));

+          var newH = height * (h/100.0);

+          obj.setAttribute("height", newH);

+        }

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  // needed for Opera to inhibit default behavior

+  // since Opera delivers keyPress even if keyDown

+  // was cancelled

+  key_press: function (event) {

+    if (!event)

+      event = window.event;

+

+    if (!w3c_slidy.key_wanted)

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+

+    return true;

+  },

+

+  //  See e.g. http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events/keys.html for keycodes

+  key_down: function (event) {

+    var key;

+

+    w3c_slidy.key_wanted = true;

+

+    if (!event)

+      event = window.event;

+

+    // kludge around NS/IE differences

+    if (window.event)

+      key = window.event.keyCode;

+    else if (event.which)

+      key = event.which;

+    else

+      return true; // Yikes! unknown browser

+

+    // ignore event if key value is zero

+    // as for alt on Opera and Konqueror

+    if (!key)

+       return true;

+

+    // check for concurrent control/command/alt key

+    // but are these only present on mouse events?

+

+    if (event.ctrlKey || event.altKey || event.metaKey)

+       return true;

+

+    // dismiss table of contents if visible

+    if (w3c_slidy.is_shown_toc() && key != 9 && key != 16 && key != 38 && key != 40)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.hide_table_of_contents();

+

+      if (key == 27 || key == 84 || key == 67)

+        return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+

+    if (key == 34) // Page Down

+    {

+      if (w3c_slidy.view_all)

+        return true;

+

+      w3c_slidy.next_slide(false);

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 33) // Page Up

+    {

+      if (w3c_slidy.view_all)

+        return true;

+

+      w3c_slidy.previous_slide(false);

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 32) // space bar

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.next_slide(true);

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 37) // Left arrow

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.previous_slide(!event.shiftKey);

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 36) // Home

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.first_slide();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 35) // End

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.last_slide();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 39) // Right arrow

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.next_slide(!event.shiftKey);

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 13) // Enter

+    {

+      if (w3c_slidy.outline)

+      {

+        if (w3c_slidy.outline.visible)

+          w3c_slidy.fold(w3c_slidy.outline);

+        else

+          w3c_slidy.unfold(w3c_slidy.outline);

+

+       return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+      }

+    }

+    else if (key == 188)  // < for smaller fonts

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.smaller();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 190)  // > for larger fonts

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.bigger();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 189 || key == 109)  // - for smaller fonts

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.smaller();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 187 || key == 191 || key == 107)  // = +  for larger fonts

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.bigger();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 83)  // S for smaller fonts

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.smaller();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 66)  // B for larger fonts

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.bigger();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 90)  // Z for last slide

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.last_slide();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 70)  // F for toggle toolbar

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.toggle_toolbar();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 65)  // A for toggle view single/all slides

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.toggle_view();

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 75)  // toggle action of left click for next page

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.mouse_click_enabled = !w3c_slidy.mouse_click_enabled;

+      var alert_msg = (w3c_slidy.mouse_click_enabled ?

+                "enabled" : "disabled") +  " mouse click advance";

+

+      alert(alert_msg.localize());

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 84 || key == 67)  // T or C for table of contents

+    {

+      if (w3c_slidy.toc)

+        w3c_slidy.toggle_table_of_contents();

+

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    else if (key == 72) // H for help

+    {

+      window.location = w3c_slidy.help_page;

+      return w3c_slidy.cancel(event);

+    }

+    //else alert("key code is "+ key);

+

+    return true;

+  },

+

+  // safe for both text/html and application/xhtml+xml

+  create_element: function (name) {

+    if (this.xhtml && (typeof document.createElementNS != 'undefined'))

+      return document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml", name)

+

+    return document.createElement(name);

+  },

+

+  get_element_style: function (elem, IEStyleProp, CSSStyleProp) {

+    if (elem.currentStyle)

+    {

+      return elem.currentStyle[IEStyleProp];

+    }

+    else if (window.getComputedStyle)

+    {

+      var compStyle = window.getComputedStyle(elem, "");

+      return compStyle.getPropertyValue(CSSStyleProp);

+    }

+    return "";

+  },

+

+  // the string str is a whitespace separated list of tokens

+  // test if str contains a particular token, e.g. "slide"

+  has_token: function (str, token) {

+    if (str)

+    {

+      // define pattern as regular expression

+      var pattern = /\w+/g;

+

+      // check for matches

+      // place result in array

+      var result = str.match(pattern);

+

+      // now check if desired token is present

+      for (var i = 0; i < result.length; i++)

+      {

+        if (result[i] == token)

+          return true;

+      }

+    }

+

+    return false;

+  },

+

+  get_class_list: function (element) {

+    if (typeof element.className != 'undefined')

+      return element.className;

+

+    return element.getAttribute("class");

+  },

+

+  has_class: function (element, name) {

+    if (element.nodeType != 1)

+      return false;

+

+    var regexp = new RegExp("(^| )" + name + "\W*");

+

+    if (typeof element.className != 'undefined')

+      return regexp.test(element.className);

+

+    return regexp.test(element.getAttribute("class"));

+  },

+

+  remove_class: function (element, name) {

+    var regexp = new RegExp("(^| )" + name + "\W*");

+    var clsval = "";

+

+    if (typeof element.className != 'undefined')

+    {

+      clsval = element.className;

+

+      if (clsval)

+      {

+        clsval = clsval.replace(regexp, "");

+        element.className = clsval;

+      }

+    }

+    else

+    {

+      clsval = element.getAttribute("class");

+

+      if (clsval)

+      {

+        clsval = clsval.replace(regexp, "");

+        element.setAttribute("class", clsval);

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  add_class: function (element, name) {

+    if (!this.has_class(element, name))

+    {

+      if (typeof element.className != 'undefined')

+        element.className += " " + name;

+      else

+      {

+        var clsval = element.getAttribute("class");

+        clsval = clsval ? clsval + " " + name : name;

+        element.setAttribute("class", clsval);

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  // HTML elements that can be used with class="incremental"

+  // note that you can also put the class on containers like

+  // up, ol, dl, and div to make their contents appear

+  // incrementally. Upper case is used since this is what

+  // browsers report for HTML node names (text/html).

+  incremental_elements: null,

+  okay_for_incremental: function (name) {

+    if (!this.incremental_elements)

+    {

+      var inclist = new Array();

+      inclist["p"] = true;

+      inclist["pre"] = true;

+      inclist["li"] = true;

+      inclist["blockquote"] = true;

+      inclist["dt"] = true;

+      inclist["dd"] = true;

+      inclist["h2"] = true;

+      inclist["h3"] = true;

+      inclist["h4"] = true;

+      inclist["h5"] = true;

+      inclist["h6"] = true;

+      inclist["span"] = true;

+      inclist["address"] = true;

+      inclist["table"] = true;

+      inclist["tr"] = true;

+      inclist["th"] = true;

+      inclist["td"] = true;

+      inclist["img"] = true;

+      inclist["object"] = true;

+      this.incremental_elements = inclist;

+    }

+    return this.incremental_elements[name.toLowerCase()];

+  },

+

+  next_incremental_item: function (node) {

+    var br = this.is_xhtml ? "br" : "BR";

+    var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+

+    for (;;)

+    {

+      node = w3c_slidy.next_node(slide, node);

+

+      if (node == null || node.parentNode == null)

+        break;

+

+      if (node.nodeType == 1)  // ELEMENT

+      {

+        if (node.nodeName == br)

+          continue;

+

+        if (w3c_slidy.has_class(node, "incremental")

+             && w3c_slidy.okay_for_incremental(node.nodeName))

+          return node;

+

+        if (w3c_slidy.has_class(node.parentNode, "incremental")

+             && !w3c_slidy.has_class(node, "non-incremental"))

+          return node;

+      }

+    }

+

+    return node;

+  },

+

+  previous_incremental_item: function (node) {

+    var br = this.is_xhtml ? "br" : "BR";

+    var slide = w3c_slidy.slides[w3c_slidy.slide_number];

+

+    for (;;)

+    {

+      node = w3c_slidy.previous_node(slide, node);

+

+      if (node == null || node.parentNode == null)

+        break;

+

+      if (node.nodeType == 1)

+      {

+        if (node.nodeName == br)

+          continue;

+

+        if (w3c_slidy.has_class(node, "incremental")

+             && w3c_slidy.okay_for_incremental(node.nodeName))

+          return node;

+

+        if (w3c_slidy.has_class(node.parentNode, "incremental")

+             && !w3c_slidy.has_class(node, "non-incremental"))

+          return node;

+      }

+    }

+

+    return node;

+  },

+

+  // set visibility for all elements on current slide with

+  // a parent element with attribute class="incremental"

+  set_visibility_all_incremental: function (value) {

+    var node = this.next_incremental_item(null);

+

+    if (value == "hidden")

+    {

+      while (node)

+      {

+        w3c_slidy.add_class(node, "invisible");

+        node = w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(node);

+      }

+    }

+    else // value == "visible"

+    {

+      while (node)

+      {

+        w3c_slidy.remove_class(node, "invisible");

+        node = w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(node);

+      }

+    }

+  },

+

+  // reveal the next hidden item on the slide

+  // node is null or the node that was last revealed

+  reveal_next_item: function (node) {

+    node = w3c_slidy.next_incremental_item(node);

+

+    if (node && node.nodeType == 1)  // an element

+      w3c_slidy.remove_class(node, "invisible");

+

+    return node;

+  },

+

+  // exact inverse of revealNextItem(node)

+  hide_previous_item: function (node) {

+    if (node && node.nodeType == 1)  // an element

+      w3c_slidy.add_class(node, "invisible");

+

+    return this.previous_incremental_item(node);

+  },

+

+  // left to right traversal of root's content

+  next_node: function (root, node) {

+    if (node == null)

+      return root.firstChild;

+

+    if (node.firstChild)

+      return node.firstChild;

+

+    if (node.nextSibling)

+      return node.nextSibling;

+

+    for (;;)

+    {

+      node = node.parentNode;

+

+      if (!node || node == root)

+        break;

+

+      if (node && node.nextSibling)

+        return node.nextSibling;

+    }

+

+    return null;

+  },

+

+  // right to left traversal of root's content

+  previous_node: function (root, node) {

+    if (node == null)

+    {

+      node = root.lastChild;

+

+      if (node)

+      {

+        while (node.lastChild)

+          node = node.lastChild;

+      }

+

+      return node;

+    }

+

+    if (node.previousSibling)

+    {

+      node = node.previousSibling;

+

+      while (node.lastChild)

+        node = node.lastChild;

+

+      return node;

+    }

+

+    if (node.parentNode != root)

+      return node.parentNode;

+

+    return null;

+  },

+

+  previous_sibling_element: function (el) {

+    el = el.previousSibling;

+

+    while (el && el.nodeType != 1)

+      el = el.previousSibling;

+

+    return el;

+  },

+

+  next_sibling_element: function (el) {

+    el = el.nextSibling;

+

+    while (el && el.nodeType != 1)

+      el = el.nextSibling;

+

+    return el;

+  },

+

+  first_child_element: function (el) {

+    var node;

+

+    for (node = el.firstChild; node; node = node.nextSibling)

+    {

+      if (node.nodeType == 1)

+        break;

+    }

+

+    return node;

+  },

+

+  first_tag: function (element, tag) {

+    var node;

+

+    if (!this.is_xhtml)

+      tag = tag.toUpperCase();

+

+    for (node = element.firstChild; node; node = node.nextSibling)

+    {

+      if (node.nodeType == 1 && node.nodeName == tag)

+        break;

+    }

+

+    return node;

+  },

+

+  hide_selection: function () {

+    if (window.getSelection) // Firefox, Chromium, Safari, Opera

+    {

+      var selection = window.getSelection();

+

+      if (selection.rangeCount > 0)

+      {

+        var range = selection.getRangeAt(0);

+        range.collapse (false);

+      }

+    }

+    else // Internet Explorer

+    {

+      var textRange = document.selection.createRange ();

+      textRange.collapse (false);

+    }

+  },

+

+  get_selected_text: function () {

+    try

+    {

+      if (window.getSelection)

+        return window.getSelection().toString();

+

+      if (document.getSelection)

+        return document.getSelection().toString();

+

+      if (document.selection)

+        return document.selection.createRange().text;

+    }

+    catch (e)

+    {

+    }

+

+    return "";

+  },

+

+  // make note of length of selected text

+  // as this evaluates to zero in click event

+  mouse_button_up: function (e) {

+    w3c_slidy.selected_text_len = w3c_slidy.get_selected_text().length;

+  },

+

+  // right mouse button click is reserved for context menus

+  // it is more reliable to detect rightclick than leftclick

+  mouse_button_click: function (e) {

+    var rightclick = false;

+    var leftclick = false;

+    var middleclick = false;

+    var target;

+

+    if (!e)

+      var e = window.event;

+

+    if (e.target)

+      target = e.target;

+    else if (e.srcElement)

+      target = e.srcElement;

+

+    // work around Safari bug

+    if (target.nodeType == 3)

+      target = target.parentNode;

+

+    if (e.which) // all browsers except IE

+    {

+      leftclick = (e.which == 1);

+      middleclick = (e.which == 2);

+      rightclick = (e.which == 3);

+    }

+    else if (e.button)

+    {

+      // Konqueror gives 1 for left, 4 for middle

+      // IE6 gives 0 for left and not 1 as I expected

+

+      if (e.button == 4)

+        middleclick = true;

+

+      // all browsers agree on 2 for right button

+      rightclick = (e.button == 2);

+    }

+    else leftclick = true;

+/*

+    alert("you clicked over a " + target.nodeName + " element\n" +

+    "w3c_slidy.mouse_click_enabled = " + w3c_slidy.mouse_click_enabled + "\n" +

+    "leftclick = " + leftclick + "\n" +

+    "selected text length = " + w3c_slidy.selected_text_len);

+    //alert("selected text length = " + w3c_slidy.selected_text_len);

+*/

+    if (w3c_slidy.selected_text_len > 0)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+      e.cancel = true;

+      e.returnValue = false;

+      return false;

+    }

+

+    // dismiss table of contents

+    w3c_slidy.hide_table_of_contents();

+

+    // check if target is something that probably want's clicks

+    // e.g. a, embed, object, input, textarea, select, option

+    var tag = target.nodeName.toLowerCase();

+

+    if (w3c_slidy.mouse_click_enabled && leftclick &&

+        tag != "a" &&

+        tag != "embed" &&

+        tag != "object" &&

+        tag != "video" &&

+        tag != "input" &&

+        tag != "textarea" &&

+        tag != "select" &&

+        tag != "option" &&

+        !target.onclick)

+    {

+      w3c_slidy.next_slide(true);

+      w3c_slidy.stop_propagation(e);

+      e.cancel = true;

+      e.returnValue = false;

+      return false;

+    }

+  },

+

+  get_key: function (e)

+  {

+    var key;

+

+    // kludge around NS/IE differences

+    if (typeof window.event != "undefined")

+      key = window.event.keyCode;

+    else if (e.which)

+      key = e.which;

+

+    return key;

+  },

+

+  get_target: function (e) {

+    var target;

+

+    if (!e)

+      e = window.event;

+

+    if (e.target)

+      target = e.target;

+    else if (e.srcElement)

+      target = e.srcElement;

+

+    if (target.nodeType != 1)

+      target = target.parentNode;

+

+    return target;

+  },

+

+  // does display property provide correct defaults?

+  is_block: function (elem) {

+    var tag = elem.nodeName.toLowerCase();

+

+    return tag == "ol" || tag == "ul" || tag == "p" ||

+           tag == "li" || tag == "table" || tag == "pre" ||

+           tag == "h1" || tag == "h2" || tag == "h3" ||

+           tag == "h4" || tag == "h5" || tag == "h6" ||

+           tag == "blockquote" || tag == "address";

+  },

+

+  add_listener: function (element, event, handler) {

+    if (window.addEventListener)

+      element.addEventListener(event, handler, false);

+    else

+      element.attachEvent("on"+event, handler);

+  },

+

+  // used to prevent event propagation from field controls

+  stop_propagation: function (event) {

+    event = event ? event : window.event;

+    event.cancelBubble = true;  // for IE

+

+    if (event.stopPropagation)

+      event.stopPropagation();

+

+    return true;

+  },

+

+  cancel: function (event) {

+    if (event)

+    {

+       event.cancel = true;

+       event.returnValue = false;

+

+      if (event.preventDefault)

+        event.preventDefault();

+    }

+

+    w3c_slidy.key_wanted = false;

+    return false;

+  }

+};

+

+// for each language define an associative array

+// and also the help text which is longer

+

+var w3c_slidy_i18n = {

+  strings_es: {

+    "slide":"pág.",

+    "help?":"Ayuda",

+    "contents?":"Índice",

+    "table of contents":"tabla de contenidos",

+    "Table of Contents":"Tabla de Contenidos",

+    "restart presentation":"Reiniciar presentación",

+    "restart?":"Inicio"

+  },

+  help_es:

+    "Utilice el ratón, barra espaciadora, teclas Izda/Dcha, " +

+    "o Re pág y Av pág. Use S y B para cambiar el tamaño de fuente.",

+

+  strings_ca: {

+    "slide":"pàg..",

+    "help?":"Ajuda",

+    "contents?":"Índex",

+    "table of contents":"taula de continguts",

+    "Table of Contents":"Taula de Continguts",

+    "restart presentation":"Reiniciar presentació",

+    "restart?":"Inici"

+  },

+  help_ca:

+    "Utilitzi el ratolí, barra espaiadora, tecles Esq./Dta. " +

+    "o Re pàg y Av pàg. Usi S i B per canviar grandària de font.",

+

+  strings_cs: {

+    "slide":"snímek",

+    "help?":"nápověda",

+    "contents?":"obsah",

+    "table of contents":"obsah prezentace",

+    "Table of Contents":"Obsah prezentace",

+    "restart presentation":"znovu spustit prezentaci",

+    "restart?":"restart"

+  },

+  help_cs:

+    "Prezentaci můžete procházet pomocí kliknutí myši, mezerníku, " +

+    "šipek vlevo a vpravo nebo kláves PageUp a PageDown. Písmo se " +

+    "dá zvětšit a zmenšit pomocí kláves B a S.",

+

+  strings_nl: {

+    "slide":"pagina",

+    "help?":"Help?",

+    "contents?":"Inhoud?",

+    "table of contents":"inhoudsopgave",

+    "Table of Contents":"Inhoudsopgave",

+    "restart presentation":"herstart presentatie",

+    "restart?":"Herstart?"

+  },

+  help_nl:

+     "Navigeer d.m.v. het muis, spatiebar, Links/Rechts toetsen, " +

+     "of PgUp en PgDn. Gebruik S en B om de karaktergrootte te veranderen.",

+

+  strings_de: {

+    "slide":"Seite",

+    "help?":"Hilfe",

+    "contents?":"Übersicht",

+    "table of contents":"Inhaltsverzeichnis",

+    "Table of Contents":"Inhaltsverzeichnis",

+    "restart presentation":"Präsentation neu starten",

+    "restart?":"Neustart"

+  },

+  help_de:

+    "Benutzen Sie die Maus, Leerschlag, die Cursortasten links/rechts oder " +

+    "Page up/Page Down zum Wechseln der Seiten und S und B für die Schriftgrösse.",

+

+  strings_pl: {

+    "slide":"slajd",

+    "help?":"pomoc?",

+    "contents?":"spis treści?",

+    "table of contents":"spis treści",

+    "Table of Contents":"Spis Treści",

+    "restart presentation":"Restartuj prezentację",

+    "restart?":"restart?"

+  },

+  help_pl:

+    "Zmieniaj slajdy klikając myszą, naciskając spację, strzałki lewo/prawo" +

+    "lub PgUp / PgDn. Użyj klawiszy S i B, aby zmienić rozmiar czczionki.",

+

+  strings_fr: {

+    "slide":"page",

+    "help?":"Aide",

+    "contents?":"Index",

+    "table of contents":"table des matières",

+    "Table of Contents":"Table des matières",

+    "restart presentation":"Recommencer l'exposé",

+    "restart?":"Début"

+  },

+  help_fr:

+    "Naviguez avec la souris, la barre d'espace, les flèches " +

+    "gauche/droite ou les touches Pg Up, Pg Dn. Utilisez " +

+    "les touches S et B pour modifier la taille de la police.",

+

+  strings_hu: {

+    "slide":"oldal",

+    "help?":"segítség",

+    "contents?":"tartalom",

+    "table of contents":"tartalomjegyzék",

+    "Table of Contents":"Tartalomjegyzék",

+    "restart presentation":"bemutató újraindítása",

+    "restart?":"újraindítás"

+  },

+  help_hu:

+    "Az oldalak közti lépkedéshez kattintson az egérrel, vagy " +

+    "használja a szóköz, a bal, vagy a jobb nyíl, illetve a Page Down, " +

+    "Page Up billentyűket. Az S és a B billentyűkkel változtathatja " +

+    "a szöveg méretét.",

+

+  strings_it: {

+    "slide":"pag.",

+    "help?":"Aiuto",

+    "contents?":"Indice",

+    "table of contents":"indice",

+    "Table of Contents":"Indice",

+    "restart presentation":"Ricominciare la presentazione",

+    "restart?":"Inizio"

+  },

+  help_it:

+    "Navigare con mouse, barra spazio, frecce sinistra/destra o " +

+    "PgUp e PgDn. Usare S e B per cambiare la dimensione dei caratteri.",

+

+  strings_el: {

+    "slide":"σελίδα",

+    "help?":"βοήθεια;",

+    "contents?":"περιεχόμενα;",

+    "table of contents":"πίνακας περιεχομένων",

+    "Table of Contents":"Πίνακας Περιεχομένων",

+    "restart presentation":"επανεκκίνηση παρουσίασης",

+    "restart?":"επανεκκίνηση;"

+  },

+  help_el:

+    "Πλοηγηθείτε με το κλίκ του ποντικιού, το space, τα βέλη αριστερά/δεξιά, " +

+    "ή Page Up και Page Down. Χρησιμοποιήστε τα πλήκτρα S και B για να αλλάξετε " +

+    "το μέγεθος της γραμματοσειράς.",

+

+  strings_ja: {

+    "slide":"スライド",

+    "help?":"ヘルプ",

+    "contents?":"目次",

+    "table of contents":"目次を表示",

+    "Table of Contents":"目次",

+    "restart presentation":"最初から再生",

+    "restart?":"最初から"

+  },

+  help_ja:

+     "マウス左クリック ・ スペース ・ 左右キー " +

+     "または Page Up ・ Page Downで操作， S ・ Bでフォントサイズ変更",

+

+  strings_zh: {

+    "slide":"幻灯片",

+    "help?":"帮助?",

+    "contents?":"内容?",

+    "table of contents":"目录",

+    "Table of Contents":"目录",

+    "restart presentation":"重新启动展示",

+    "restart?":"重新启动?"

+  },

+  help_zh:

+    "用鼠标点击, 空格条, 左右箭头, Pg Up 和 Pg Dn 导航. " +

+    "用 S, B 改变字体大小.",

+

+  strings_ru: {

+    "slide":"слайд",

+    "help?":"помощь?",

+    "contents?":"содержание?",

+    "table of contents":"оглавление",

+    "Table of Contents":"Оглавление",

+    "restart presentation":"перезапустить презентацию",

+    "restart?":"перезапуск?"

+  },

+  help_ru:

+    "Перемещайтесь кликая мышкой, используя клавишу пробел, стрелки" +

+    "влево/вправо или Pg Up и Pg Dn. Клавиши S и B меняют размер шрифта.",

+

+  strings_sv: {

+    "slide":"sida",

+    "help?":"hjälp",

+    "contents?":"innehåll",

+    "table of contents":"innehållsförteckning",

+    "Table of Contents":"Innehållsförteckning",

+    "restart presentation":"visa presentationen från början",

+    "restart?":"börja om"

+  },

+  help_sv:

+    "Bläddra med ett klick med vänstra musknappen, mellanslagstangenten, " +

+    "vänster- och högerpiltangenterna eller tangenterna Pg Up, Pg Dn. " +

+    "Använd tangenterna S och B för att ändra textens storlek.",

+

+// each such language array is declared in the localize array

+// which is set on string prototype and used as in "foo".localize();

+  localize: {

+    "es":this.strings_es,

+    "ca":this.strings_ca,

+    "cs":this.strings_cs,

+    "nl":this.strings_nl,

+    "de":this.strings_de,

+    "pl":this.strings_pl,

+    "fr":this.strings_fr,

+    "hu":this.strings_hu,

+    "it":this.strings_it,

+    "el":this.strings_el,

+    "jp":this.strings_ja,

+    "zh":this.strings_zh,

+    "ru":this.strings_ru,

+    "sv":this.strings_sv

+  },

+

+  init: function () {

+    var i18n = w3c_slidy_i18n;

+    var help_text = w3c_slidy.help_text;

+    i18n.strings_es[help_text] = i18n.help_es;

+    i18n.strings_ca[help_text] = i18n.help_ca;

+    i18n.strings_cs[help_text] = i18n.help_cs;

+    i18n.strings_nl[help_text] = i18n.help_nl;

+    i18n.strings_de[help_text] = i18n.help_de;

+    i18n.strings_pl[help_text] = i18n.help_pl;

+    i18n.strings_fr[help_text] = i18n.help_fr;

+    i18n.strings_hu[help_text] = i18n.help_hu;

+    i18n.strings_it[help_text] = i18n.help_it;

+    i18n.strings_el[help_text] = i18n.help_el;

+    i18n.strings_ja[help_text] = i18n.help_ja;

+    i18n.strings_zh[help_text] = i18n.help_zh;

+    i18n.strings_ru[help_text] = i18n.help_ru;

+    i18n.strings_sv[help_text] = i18n.help_sv;

+

+    w3c_slidy.lang = document.body.parentNode.getAttribute("lang");

+

+    if (!w3c_slidy.lang)

+      w3c_slidy.lang = document.body.parentNode.getAttribute("xml:lang");

+

+    if (!w3c_slidy.lang)

+      w3c_slidy.lang = "en";

+

+    // add localize method to all strings

+    // for use as in "contents".localize()

+   String.prototype.localize = function() {

+     if (this == "")

+       return this;

+

+     // try full language code, e.g. en-US

+     var s, lookup = w3c_slidy_i18n.localize[w3c_slidy.lang];

+

+     if (lookup)

+     {

+       s = lookup[this];

+

+       if (s)

+        return s;

+     }

+

+     // strip country code suffix, e.g.

+     // try en if undefined for en-US

+     var lg = w3c_slidy.lang.split("-");

+

+     if (lg.length > 1)

+     {

+       lookup = w3c_slidy_i18n.localize[lg[0]];

+

+       if (lookup)

+       {

+         s = lookup[this];

+

+         if (s)

+          return s;

+       }

+     }

+

+     // otherwise string as is

+     return this;

+   };

+  }

+};

+

+// hack for back button behavior

+if (w3c_slidy.ie6 || w3c_slidy.ie7)

+{

+  document.write("<iframe id='historyFrame' " +

+  "src='javascript:\"<html"+"></"+"html>\"' " +

+  "height='1' width='1' " +

+  "style='position:absolute;left:-800px'></iframe>");

+}

+

+// attach event listeners for initialization

+w3c_slidy.set_up();

+

+// hide the slides as soon as body element is available

+// to reduce annoying screen mess before the onload event

+setTimeout(w3c_slidy.hide_slides, 50);

+

+/*]]>*/

+</script>

+</head>

+<body class="article" style="max-width:45em">

+<div id="header" class="slide">

+<h1>What happens on a protocol level when switching on a phone</h1>

+<span id="author">Harald Welte &lt;laforge@gnumonks.org&gt;</span><br />

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_introduction">Introduction</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+Everybody uses cellphones and mobile internet these days

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+Still very few people know what&#8217;s going on, even those with deep TCP/IP understanding

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+Let&#8217;s try to shed some light on the inner workings on a protocol level

+</span>

+<div class="dlist"><dl class="">

+<dt class="hdlist1">

+NOTE

+</dt>

+<dd>

+<p>

+this talk is about 2G (GSM/GPRS/EDGE) and 3G (UMTS/HS*PA) only

+</p>

+</dd>

+</dl></div>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_classic_gsm_2g_network_as_digraph">Classic GSM (2G) network as digraph</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock graphviz">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="phone_powerup__1.png" alt="phone_powerup__1.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_powering_up_the_phone">Powering up the phone</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+Your various processors / cores boot up

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+Hardware gets initialized

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+We will look at the cellular related activity only here

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+Registering to a Cellular network can take <strong>ages</strong> at times. Why is that?

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_network_selection_2g_rf_power_scan">Network Selection (2G): RF Power Scan</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+GSM has many narrow-band channels/frequencies (ARFCN = Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number):

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+123 ARFCN in 850 MHz

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+173 ARFCN in 900 MHz

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+373 ARFCN in 1800 MHz

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+298 ARFCN in 1900 MHz

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+total of 967 ARFCN in a quad-band phone

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+The phone performs a (quick) RF power scan over all ARFCN to determine which channels contain how much energy (RxLev, RSSI)

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_network_selection_2g_freq_sync_burst_detection">Network Selection (2G): Freq + Sync burst detection</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+the phone picks the channels with highest amount of energy

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+it tries to decode the FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel) to slave its own internal clock (VCTCXO) to the frequency information contained in the FCCH

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+it then moves to the SCH (Synchronization Channel) to determine the current GSM frame number + training sequence code

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+finally, it is aligned with both the <strong>carrier frequency</strong>, and knows where in the <strong>time division multiplex</strong> frame/multiframe the BTS (Cell) currently transmits

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_network_selection_2g_bcch_decode">Network Selection (2G): BCCH decode</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+After Frequency and Sync burst detection, the phone moves to BCCH (Broadcast Common Control Channel)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+The BCCH contains a loop of repeated broadcasts of so-called <strong>SYSTEM INFORMATION</strong> messages

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+There are many different <strong>SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPEs</strong> which are repeatedly iterated over

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+SYSTEM INFORMATION (SI) 3 and 4 contain, among other things MCC + MNC information

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+MCC: Mobile Country Code (262 for Germany)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+MNC: Mobile Network Code (01 for T-Mobile, 02 for Vodafone, 03 for E-Plus, &#8230;)

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+Now the phone knows to which operator the cell broadcasting on this ARFCN

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+The process of FCCH + SCH alignment with successive BCCH decoding is repeated for a number of strong signal ARFCNs to create a list of "available networks"

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+this is the output of what you see when you do a <strong>manual network search</strong> on your phone

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+the numeric MCC/MNC is typically translated in a string name based on a mapping table in the phone firmware, possibly extended by information on the SIM (EF.PNN, EF.OPL)

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_network_selection_which_network_to_register">Network Selection: Which Network to register</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+Assuming we have a list of ARFCN &lt;&#8594; MCC+MNC, which network do we choose?

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+if manual network selection: use whatever the user has chosen

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+we assume automatic network selection below

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+If the cell-advertised MCC+MNC matches the IMSI prefix, it is the home network

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+home network trumps everything else

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+SIM / USIM contains various lists which operators use to control selection policy in roaming

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.PLMNsel (PLMN Selector)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.PLMNwAcT (User-controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.HPPLMN (Higher Priority PLMN)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.FPLMN (Forbidden PLMNs)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.OPLMNwACT (Operator-controlled LMN Selector with Access Technology)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.HPLMNwAcT (Home PLMN Selector with Access Technology)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+EF.EHPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN)

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+finally, MS will select a (first) cell to attempt registration.

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_cell_selection_state_machine">Cell Selection State Machine</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="gsm_cell_selection.png" alt="gsm_cell_selection.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_registering_to_a_network_location_update">Registering to a network: LOCATION UPDATE</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+<strong>LOCATION UPDATE</strong> is a key transaction on the MM-sublayer of the Layer3 of the 2G/3G protocol stack

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+it is used to update the location/presence information of the network

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+there are variants:

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+IMSI ATTACH is used for initial registration at power-up (our case here)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+NORMAL is an update triggered by a change of location (arae code) as the user moves around the coverage

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+PERIODIC is used when a timer expires, similar to a <em>keep alive</em> in many protocols

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+the <strong>MM LOCATION UPDATE</strong> on the Um/Abis/A interface up to the MSC is translated into a <strong>MAP UpdateLocation</strong> towards the HLR (central subscriber database)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+authentication procedure may (should!) follow to cryptographically verify identity of subscriber

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+finally, the network either sends a <strong>MM LOCATION UPDATE ACCEPT</strong> or <strong>MM LOCATION UPDATE REJECT</strong>

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_gsm_control_plane_protocol_stack">GSM Control Plane Protocol Stack</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="gsm_control_stack.svg" alt="gsm_control_stack.svg" width="100%" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_location_update_layer_3_only">LOCATION UPDATE: Layer 3 Only</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="location_update_l3only.png" alt="location_update_l3only.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_location_update_ladder_diagram">LOCATION UPDATE: Ladder Diagram</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="location_update.png" alt="location_update.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_gprs_for_packet_switched_servics">GPRS for packet switched servics</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock graphviz">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="phone_powerup__2.png" alt="phone_powerup__2.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_registering_for_packet_switched_services_gprs_attach">Registering for packet switched services: GPRS ATTACH</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+packet-switched services were added about a decade after circuit-switched

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+hence, packet-switched attach is traditionally independent of circuit-switched attach

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+GPRS ATTACH is performed from MS to SGSN

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+it&#8217;s called GPRS ATTACH even for EDGE or even UMTS

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_gprs_control_plane_protocol_stack">GPRS Control Plane Protocol Stack</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="gprs_control_stack.svg" alt="gprs_control_stack.svg" width="100%" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_gprs_attach_ladder_diagram">GPRS ATTACH: Ladder Diagram</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="gprs_attach.png" alt="gprs_attach.png" width="100%" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_establishing_a_pdp_context">Establishing a PDP Context</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+in order to exchange user-IP data with the public Internet, a tunnel must be established over the entire GSM/GPRS/UMTS infrastructure

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+one Tunnel end is inside the phone

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+other end is in the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+it&#8217;s a true point-to-point link, no netmask/broadcast/arp/link-layer

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+if PPP is involved, this is only between the phone/modem baseband processor and the external computer

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+IP address allocation + DNS server addresses exchanged via <strong>protocol control options (PCO)</strong> inside PDP

+  context activation

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+phone sends <strong>PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATE</strong> to network (SGSN)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+network (SGSN) responds with <strong>PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATE ACK</strong> in succesful case

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+user IP data may now be exchanged

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_pdp_context_act_ladder_diagram">PDP CONTEXT ACT: Ladder Diagram</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="gprs_pdp_ctx_act.png" alt="gprs_pdp_ctx_act.png" width="100%" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_classic_umts_3g_network_as_digraph">Classic UMTS (3G) network as digraph</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock graphviz">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="phone_powerup__3.png" alt="phone_powerup__3.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_umts_3g_cell_selection">UMTS (3G) Cell Selection</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+differences primarily at physical layer

+</span>

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+WCDMA instead of TDMA (GSM)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+RF Channels are 5MHz wide, so many less RF channels to scan

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+however, MS (now called UE) has to search in code-space, as many cells on same frequency channel

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_umts_3g_cell_selection_2">UMTS (3G) Cell Selection</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="imageblock">

+<div class="content">

+<img src="umts_cell_selection.png" alt="umts_cell_selection.png" />

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_umts_3g_cell_selection_3">UMTS (3G) Cell Selection</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+Layer 3 is almost identical to GSM

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+<strong>MM LOCATION UPDATE (Type: IMSI ATTACH)</strong> between MS(UE) and MSC

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+<strong>PS ATTACH</strong> between MS(UE) and SGSN

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+<strong>PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATION</strong> between MS(UE) and SGSN

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_further_reading">Further Reading</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<ul class="">

+<li>

+<span>

+Die GSM Dm-Kanaele im Dialog, Prf. Dr. Joachim Goeller, <a href="http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/DieGSMDmKanaele.pdf">http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/DieGSMDmKanaele.pdf</a>

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+The GSM Dm-Channels (english version), <a href="http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/GSMDmChannels.pdf">http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~goeller/isdn/GSMDmChannels.pdf</a>

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+3GPP TS 43.022: "Functions related to Mobile Station in idle mode and

+  group receive mode" <a href="http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/43022.htm">http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/43022.htm</a> (GSM/GPRS)

+</span>

+</li>

+<li>

+<span>

+3GPP TS 25.304 "User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and

+  procedures for cell reselection in connected mode"

+  <a href="http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/25304.htm">http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/25304.htm</a> (UMTS_

+</span>

+</li>

+</ul>

+</div>

+</div>

+<div class="sect1 slide">

+<h1 id="_eof">EOF</h1>

+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">

+<div class="paragraph"><p>End of File</p></div>

+</div>

+</div>

+</body>

+</html>

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diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup__3.png b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/phone_powerup__3.png
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diff --git a/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/umts_cell_selection.png b/2018/phone_protocol-eh2018/umts_cell_selection.png
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