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What is Open Source / Free Software ?
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by
Harald Welte <hwelte@astaro.com>
Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org>
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Contents
The traditional (proprietary) software model
The Free / Open Source software model
Important Free / Open Source software licenses
Difference Free Software / Open Source
History of Free / Open Source software
Who is behind FOSS?
Development Process
Thanks
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
The traditional (proprietary) software model
traditional software model
product-oriented
vendor finances development of software
business model of software based on secret source code
same copy of software object code is sold under a very restrictive license
license fees refinance cost of development
enforcement of restrictive license guarantees revenue
advantages
proven business model
disadvantage
vendor has to develop everything on his own or buy licenses of 3rd party software
less flexibility for the customer
does the customer trust the 'black box' you are selling?
if vendor goes out of business, no bugfixes/updates
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
The free / open source software model
Open Source / Free Software model
service based
individual parties contribute code parts
software is distributed for free
software source code is distributed under very permissive license
service / support / customization refinance development
advantages
vast amount of available FOSS can be used as foundation for own products
source code is available for peer review
bug fixes for free, people just send you patches
new features impelemented by your users!
disadvantage
business model has yet to prove scalability
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Difference Free Software / Open Source
difference free software / open source
free software
term 'free software' (free as in freedom, not beer) introduced by Richard Stallman / FSF 1984.
focus on political/ethical/philosophical freedom
open source
term 'open source' software (OSS) introduced by OSI in 1997
focus on technological advantage by means of source review
most FOSS licenses match both definitions, OSS less restrictive
FOSS is _not_ to be mistaken as freeware / shareware!
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Important FOSS licenses
important free / open source license
BSD (Berkeley Systems Derivate) style license
permits any use of the sourcecode as long as copyright notice remains
GPL (GNU General Public License)
source for resulting binary has to be provided
ensures that derivates of free software are still free
LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License)
permits linking with non-gpl code (mainly used for libraries)
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
History of Free / Open Source Software
history of free / open source software
initially software always for free in source (e.g. IBM S/360)
as hardware gets less expensive, companies start to license software for money
some people (Stallman, et. al.) didn't want to give up the freedom they're used to.
1983: GNU project is founded, goal: Implementation of a free UNIX-like operating system
1984: Free Software Foundation is established as non-for-profit legal entity behind the GNU project
1991: Linus Torvalds releases the first version of the Linux Kernel under the GNU GPL license. Together with the other parts from the GNU project and others, a 100% free operating system is available
1994-1999: FOSS is increasingly recognized as reliable, stable alternative to proprietary software, esp. in the server + networking market
2000-2003: FOSS is increasingly considered as an alternative on the desktop (see recent decision by Munich city administration, respective laws in latin america, ...)
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Who is behind FOSS?
individuals
computer enthusiasts motivated by
fight: david <-> goliath
ability to show how poorly implemented most proprietary software is
ability to gain more experience / better reputation
experienced end-users
independent consultants
looking for a solution to a particular problem and already have 95% by using existing FOSS
organizations
commercial entities who recognize the value of FOSS
contributions to existing projects
start of new projects
contracting consultants and FOSS companies for implementation of missing features
mixed FOSS / proprietary companies (like Astaro)
use FOSS as foundation for their proprietary solutions
have a vital need for a reliable and up-to-date foundation, thus contribute back to and/or fund FOSS
academic institutions (e.g. exim, cyrus)
are traditionally involved in the exchange of research results. Why treat software differently?
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Development Process
development process, communication
everybody who agrees to the license can contribute code
project is usually started by a single developer or a small group
different actors in development process
maintainer: official person to maintain the code, responsible
core team: small group of leaders behind the project
developers: people who write code on a regular basis
contibutors: people who contribute a single feature or a bug fix from time to time
users: people who use the software, often organized on mailinglists, newsgroups, user groups, ..
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Development Process
main communication medium are mailinglists
every developer can be contacted directly via email
leaders/managers are people with the best technical skills, unlike the 'commercial world' where you need certain diploma, connections, ...
communication is random. no manager <-> manager talk about technical stuff they don't understand
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What is Free / Open Source Software (FOSS)
Thanks
in the name of the netfilter/iptables project, thanks to Astaro for funding
particular tasks on my schedule
equipment (dual Opteron below my desk)
my travel expenses to many FOSS conferences
the netfilter developer workshop in August 2003 (Budapest, HU)
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