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How to do Embedded Linux [not] right

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by

Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org>

netfilter.org / openmoko.org / openpcd.org 
gpl-violations.org / openezx.org
hmw-consulting.de / viatech.com


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How to do Embedded Linux [not] right
Introduction

Who is speaking to you?
		an independent Free Software developer, consultant and trainer
		13 years experience using/deploying and developing for Linux on server and workstation
		10 years professional experience doing Linux system + kernel level development 
		strong focus on network security and embedded
		expert in Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) copyright and licensing
		digital board-level hardware design, esp. embedded systems
		active developer and contributor to many FOSS projects
		thus, a techie, who will therefore not have fancy animated slides ;)

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Introduction

Why am I qualified?
	The 'Linux community' POV
		Former kernel subsystem maintainer (netfilter/iptables)
		Initiator of OpenEZX project
		Author of various drivers for embedded hardware
	The 'embedded Linux done the right way' POV
		Lead System Architect (SW+HW) at Openmoko, Inc.
		Co-creator of Open Hardware + Software for RFID
			OpenPCD, OpenPICC, librfid, libmrtd
	The 'chip manufacturer' POV
		Open Source Liaison at VIA Technologies, Inc.
	The 'customer of consumer-grade embedded Linux' POV
		Done reverse-engineering on hundreds of devices for gpl-violations.org

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Linux is everywhere!

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Linux is everywhere

Linux is everywhere!
	Linux mobile phones (Motorola, Openmoko)
	In-flight entertainment systems 
	Embedded networking gear
		DSLAMs
		rack monitoring
	Public payphones
	ATM's / PoS / vending machines
	Now even Fitness gear (Daum Ergometer)

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How to do Embedded Linux [not] right
Strengths of FOSS [0/4]


What are the true strengths of FOSS
	Innovative and creative development
	Security due to code review / bugreport / patches
	Long-term maintainable code
	Stable and reliable systems

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Strengths of FOSS [1/4]


Innovative and creative development
	easy-to-read existing codebase
	standard (FOSS) development tools
	thus, easy to modify and add features
	community will build around great new features/apps

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Strengths of FOSS [2/4]


Security due to code review / bugreport / patches
	all the code is out there
	many people are familiar with existing architecture
	code quality requirements usually very high
	community process allows quick and fast integration of bugfix

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Strengths of FOSS [3/4]


Long-term maintainable code, because
	there's a lot of attention on good software architecture
	many developers are familiar with the shared/common API's
	code quality requirements usually very high
	all code in mainline gets maintained and updated

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Strengths of FOSS [4/4]


Stable and reliable systems, because
	code quality requirements usually very high
	kernel releases are quite frequent
	all mainline code is automatically ported to new releases


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Reality Check


	So we should have the perfect world
		tons of embedded Linux products
		all of them maintainable, secure, stable
		encouraging lots of creative work on top of their codebase

	What is the reality
		tons of embedded Linux products
		none of the strengths of FOSS present in 99% of them

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Differences to PC Linux


Differences to Linux on a PC
	In the PC world, I can
		download the latest kernel from kernel.org
		compile + install it on almost every current+old platform
		have an almost 100% chance that it will boot and support all the major peripherals
		only some more obscure hardware might not have drivers yet
		update at any time to the latest 2.6.x.y maintenance release
		update at any time to the next 2.6.(x+1) release

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Differences to PC Linux


Differences to Linux on a PC
	In the PC world, I can
		take about any major Linux distribution, based on my own preference
		install and run that very distribution on about any hardware
		distribution kernels are very close to mainline these days
		benefit of regular security updates by distributions

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Differences to PC Linux


Differences to Linux on a PC
	In the Embedded world
		every CPU/SoC maker runs their own kernel tree
		often one kernel tree per product, based on different mainline versions
		ages-old base revisions
		a never-ending security nightmare
		no benefit from recent new features in mainline
		non-standard subsystems (e.g. different USB device or SDIO stack)
		proprietary drivers cause lock-in to old kernels

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Differences to PC Linux


Differences to Linux on a PC
	In the Embedded world
		I often do not have a choice of which distro to run
		There might actually be no distribution
		No regular security updates
		Often no package management for deploying those updates
		If there are distributions, they either need to use the kernel from the BSP (which is ages old) or create yet another custom off-mainline branch/port

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Differences to PC Linux




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THIS SUCKS!


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What does the vendor get


So what do the embedded vendors get?
	unstable software
	security nightmares
	unmaintainable code
	no innovation
	no user-contributed bug fixes

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What does the vendor get


unstable software
	because the code really sucks in many cases
	because they patch around problems rather than solving them

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What does the vendor get


security nightmares
	because they use stone-age forks of the kernel
	because they never contributed their code mainline
	because those forks can never be merged back with mainline again

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What does the vendor get


unmaintainable code
	because they have one fork of the code per device (product)
	because their code quality sucks


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What does the vendor get


no innovation
		because they try to hide their code (gpl-violations.org)
		because their R&D environment is non-standard
			weird cross-toolchains that nobody has seen before
			weird filesystems with custom patches that nobody knows
		because they add proprietary components to lock developers from adding features
			e.g. the entire web-based UI for embedded networking gear
			binary-only kernel modules that force people to use old kernels with no interesting new features
		because it is, overall, way too hard to develop on/for their platform
		because they don't disclose serial console and/or JTAG access

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Reality Check


So why do they still do it?
	there can only be one conclusion:
		they never understood the real potential of FOSS!
		all they do is try to compete with what proprietary competitors do
		they never think about creating platforms, every product is distinct/separate
		they have no interest in improving their products

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What does the community get


So what does the community get?
	products that run some crappy fork of Linux somewhere under the hood
		but which we cannot really touch/modify without a lot of effort
	we face opposition from the product maker if we want to help him to improve

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TODO (device maker)


What should the device vendor do?
	stop thinking in terms of selling black boxes
	defining products that take advantage of the true strength of FOSS
	compete against the proprietary competition on a level that they can't match
	give up the idea of defining all aspects of an appliance
	rather think of building an extensible platforms and let community innovate

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A note to chip vendors


There are two types of customers
	The Linux-aware customer
		understands FOSS much better than you do
		will share the criticism of this talk
		will likely go to a competitor who understands Linux better
	The Linux-unaware customer
		who just uses Linux to save per-unit OS royalties
		who doesn't really care about most issues presented here
		who will create inferior products
	Linux-awareness is increasing, not decreasing
		now is already late, but if you don't have proper FOSS support on your agenda now, you will likely loose the "openness competition"

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TODO (chip maker)


What should the chip vendors do?
	engage in "sustainable development"
		develop against latest mainline
		make your development trees public (use git!), don't just release stable snapshots as BSP to your tier-one customers
		actively interact with the community
		learn how to play by the rules (coding style, use common interfaces, no proprietary drivers)
		don't just do big code drops every now and then

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TODO (chip maker)


What should the chip vendors do?
	Externally
		Don't mistake FOSS as just a technology.  It is a R&D philosophy!
		Provide public reference manuals with no NDA
		If you have to resort to NDA, make sure they are FOSS friendly
		Ensure you don't license IP cores that conflict with FOSS
	Internally
		Draft a proper in-house FOSS strategy with clear goals
		Don't expect your product mangers or engineers to know everything about FOSS without proper training
		Hire people with strong community background into your R&D and management to facilitate the know-how transfer

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Lessons Learnt (chip maker)


	Chip Product Managers need to learn
		There's more Linux use with their chips than they ever learn
		Their customers are not just the tier-one customers
		If you want to support Linux, do it the mainline way.  If you support only N number of distributions, your 'N' will be growing and you'll be wasting R&D resources to support each one of them
		That there is no single 'contact window' / entity for Linux
		The big change is the FOSS development model, not the Linux API's
		Linux-aware customers care not only about performance+price, but also about the quality of the Linux port code


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Lessons Learnt (chip maker)


	BSP R&D Managers need to learn
		Linux is not just a set of API's for their developers to learn
		Linux is FOSS.  The FOSS R&D model is different
		Their engineers need to be encouraged to communicate
			and thus, need real Internet (git, mailing lists, ..)
			have to get clear indication what is confidential and what not
		FOSS is about cooperation. You don't need to reinvent the wheel
			don't include your own 802.11 stack in your wifi driver
		If you do not merge your code mainline, you end up in a maintenance nightmare

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Lessons Learnt (chip maker)


	BSP Software Engineers need to learn
		Linux is not just a set of API's
		How and where to ask the right kind of questions
		How and where to look for the latest code
		Code is written to be read by other people, not just to execute
		

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TODO (community)

What should the community do
	Provide non-partisan documentation
		on FOSS advantages, proper FOSS development
		hardware companies are interested to learn, but don't know who to ask. If they ask a commercial distributor, then they get in bed with them, which is not the same as working with the mainline development community
	Something like a mentoring program
		take software/driver R&D by their hand and walk them through the mainline merge
	Don't scare them away
		They have to be taught about the communication / review culture
		Your valid criticism to patches has to be explained

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Problems (chipmaker)

	Patent licensing schemes
		e.g. MPEG patent license doesn't at all work in a FOSS model
	Technology licensing schemes
		e.g. Sony Memorystick. Impossible for a chip maker to provide FOSS driver
	Everyone in the industry has those very same problems
		Chip makers should cooperate to present their case together to the respective licensors

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Problems (chipmaker)

	Patent trolls
		openly accessible documentation invites patent trolls
	Why?
		patent trolls rarely read+understand FOSS code
		thus, open documentation increases the risk to be hit
	However
		this is a by-product of how the patent system currently works

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Outlook

Outlook
	We will see even more embedded Linux, e.g. Mobile phones
	We will see even more restricted devices (Tivo-ization, DRM for code)
		which go on _very_ thin ice even with GPLv2
		which almost completely remove all freedoms of FOSS
	We have some faint dim light at the end of a very far tunnel
		e.g. projects like Openmoko, who truly see openness as a feature
		e.g. chip makers who slowly open up a bit more
			on the PC side, Intel definitely is setting the best overall example
			on the Embedded side, I see some movement in major players (TI, Marvell, Samsung, Infineon, ...)


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Thanks

	Thanks for your attention.

	Some Time left for Q&A

	Enjoy the FOSS.in / 2008