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-rw-r--r--2016/netdevconf-osmocom/running-foss-gsm.adoc185
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.adoc155
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.css31
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.html423
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet__1.pngbin0 -> 64540 bytes
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/images/analogm.pngbin0 -> 86405 bytes
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/images/mosaic.jpgbin0 -> 58972 bytes
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/images/pict4_Lg.jpgbin0 -> 206067 bytes
-rw-r--r--2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/images/pots_fig10.2.pngbin0 -> 109186 bytes
9 files changed, 559 insertions, 235 deletions
diff --git a/2016/netdevconf-osmocom/running-foss-gsm.adoc b/2016/netdevconf-osmocom/running-foss-gsm.adoc
index 53be318..dadfdfd 100644
--- a/2016/netdevconf-osmocom/running-foss-gsm.adoc
+++ b/2016/netdevconf-osmocom/running-foss-gsm.adoc
@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ Running FOSS Cellular Networks on Linux
[role="incremental"]
* Implementing GSM/GPRS network elements as FOSS
-* Applied Protocol Archeology
+* Applied Protocol Archaeology
* Doing all of that on top of Linux (in userspace)
-* If you expeccted kernel stuff, you'll be disappointed
== Running your own Internet-style network
@@ -216,10 +215,11 @@ image::osmo-bts.svg[]
** `osmo-bts-octphy`: Octasic OCTBTS hardware / OCTSDR-2G PHY
** `osmo-bts-litecell15`: Nutaq Litecell 1.5 hardware/PHY
+See separate talk about BTS hardware options later today.
== Configuring Osmocom software
-* all Osmo* GSM infrastructure programs share common architecture, as
+* all _native_ Osmo* GSM infrastructure programs share common architecture, as
defined by various libraries 'libosmo{core,gsm,vty,abis,netif,...}'
* part of this is configuration handling
** interactive configuration via command line interface (*vty*), similar
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ BTS settings are configured in the BSC/NITB configuration file.
source tree / git repository
* just your usual `git clone && autoreconf -fi && ./configure && make install`
** (in reality, the `libosmo*` dependencies are required first...)
+* nightly packages for Debian 8, Ubuntu 16.04 and 16.10 available
* 'OsmoNITB' runs on any Linux system, like your speakers' laptop
** you can actually also run it on the ARM/Linux of the 'sysmoBTS' itself,
having a literal 'Network In The Box' with power as only external
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ digraph G {
PCU->SGSN [label="Gb"]
SGSN->GGSN [label="GTP"]
}
-}
+
----
* 'PCU': Packet Control Unit. Runs RLC+MAC
@@ -517,168 +518,6 @@ digraph G {
We need to configure those additional components to provide GPRS
services.
-== Simplified OsmoNITB network with GPRS
-
-image::osmocom-gprs.svg[width=750]
-
-//* show IP addresses at nodes
-//* show GSM functional elements, Osmocom programs and hardware
-
-
-== Configuring OsmoPCU
-
-We assume we have obtained and compiled the `osmo-pcu` from
-git://git.osmocom.org/osmo-pcu
-
-* 'OsmoPCU' runs co-located with 'OsmoBTS' to access/share the same PHY + Radio
-* 'OsmoPCU' is primarily configured from 'OsmoBTS'
-* 'OsmoBTS' receives relevant config via A-bis OML
-* 'OsmoNITB' sends those OML messages to OsmoBTS
-** we thus need to set the PCU configuration in the NITB config file!
-
-
-== BTS config for GPRS (in OsmoNITB)
-
-----
- bts 0
- gprs mode gprs <1>
- gprs nsei 1234 <2>
- gprs nsvc 0 nsvci 1234 <3>
- gprs nsvc 0 local udp port 23000 <4>
- gprs nsvc 0 remote ip 192.168.1.11 <5>
- gprs nsvc 0 remote udp port 23000 <6>
-----
-<1> enable `gprs` or `egprs` mode
-<2> NSEI for the NS protocol layer (unique for each PCU in SGSN)
-<3> NSVCI for the NS protocol layer (unique for each PCU in SGSN)
-<4> UDP port on PCU side of Gb connection
-<5> IP address of SGSN side of Gb connection
-<6> UDP port on SGSN side of Gb connection
-
-
-== Configuring OsmoSGSN (Gb and GTP)
-
-----
-ns
- encapsulation udp local-ip 192.168.100.11 <1>
- encapsulation udp local-port 23000 <2>
-sgsn
- gtp local-ip 127.0.0.2 <3>
- ggsn 0 remote-ip 127.0.0.1 <4>
- ggsn 0 gtp-version 1 <5>
- apn * ggsn 0 <6>
-----
-<1> SGSN-local IP address for Gb connection from PCUs
-<2> SGSN-local UDP port number for Gb connection from PCUs
-<3> SGSN-local IP address for GTP connection to GGSN
-<4> remote IP address for GTP connection to GGSN
-<5> GTP protocol version for this GGSN
-<6> route all APN names to GGSN 0
-
-
-== Configuring OsmoSGSN (subscribers)
-
-'OsmoSGSN' (still) has no access to the 'OsmoNITB' HLR, thus all IMSIs
-permitted to use GPRS services need to be explicitly configured.
-
-----
-sgsn
- auth-policy closed <1>
- imsi-acl add 262778026147135 <2>
-----
-<1> only allow explicitly authorized/white-listed subscribers
-<2> add given IMSI to the white-list of subscribers
-
-
-== Setting up OpenGGSN
-
-In `ggsn.cfg` we need to set:
-
-----
-listen 172.0.0.1 <1>
-net 10.23.24.0/24 <2>
-dynip 10.23.42.0/24 <3>
-pcodns1 8.8.8.8 <4>
-----
-<1> IP address to bind GSN to.
-<2> network/mask of `tun` device
-<3> pool of dynamic IP addresses allocated to PDP contexts
-<4> IP address of DNS server (communicated to MS via signalling)
-
-
-== Testing GPRS
-
-* Check if `osmo-pcu`, `osmo-sgsn`, `openggsn` are running
-* Check if NS and BSSGP protocols are UNBLOCKED at SGSN
-** If not, check your NS/BSSGP configuration
-* Check for GPRS registration using `logging level mm info` in SGSN
-
-
-== Osmocom beyond GSM/GPRS RAN + NITB
-
-* Smalltalk implementation of SIGTRAN + TCAP/MAP
-* Erlang implementation of SIGTRAN + TCAP/MAP
-* Lots of special-purpose protocol mangling
-** `bsc-nat` to introduce NAT-like functionality on A (BSSAP/BSSMAP)
-** `mgw-nat` to transparently re-write MAP/ISUP/SCCP
-* GSMTAP pseudo-header for feeding non-IP protocols into wireshark
-* SIM card protocol tracer hardware + software
-* Lots of non-GSM projects from hardware to protocol stacks (TETRA, GMR, DECT, OP25)
-* check http://git.osmocom.org/ for full project list
-
-
-== So... I heard about OpenBTS?
-
-* OpenBTS is completely unrelated to the Osmocom stack
-* was independently developed by David Burgess & Harvind Simra
-** Kestrel Signal Processing -> Range Networks
-* doesn't follow GSM system architecture at all
-** no Abis, BSC, PCU, SGSN, GGSN
-* is a bridge of the GSM air interface (Um) to SIP
-* Osmocom follows classic GSM interfaces / system architecture
-* 'OsmoTRX' forked 'OpenBTS' SDR code to use 'OsmoBTS' with SDR hardware
-
-
-== Outlook on FOSS 2.75G (EDGE)
-
-* EDGE extends GPRS with higher data rates
-** 8PSK instead of GMSK modulation
-** lots of new MAC/RLC features (larger windows, incremental redundancy)
-** No changes required in 'OmsoSGSN' and 'OsmoGGSN'
-* 'OsmoPCU' is extended with EDGE support
-* First working minimal subset published last week
-
-
-== Outlook on FOSS 3G (UMTS/WCDMA)
-
-* UMTS very similar to GSM/GPRS in principle
-** still, almost every interface and protocol stack has changed
-** all elements have been renamed -> more acronyms to learn
-* UMTS is ridiculously complex, particular PHY + Layer 2
-** however, control plane L3 (MM/CC/CM/SM/GMM) mostly the same
-* Implementing all of that from scratch is a long journey
-* We've already reached 'Peak 3G'
-* Osmocom 3G support strategy
-** Implement Iu interface in NITB and SGSN
-** Implement HNB-GW to offer Iuh interface
-** Use existing femtocell / small cell hardware with proprietary PHY, RLC and MAC
-** Status: Started in October 2015, WIP. Overall completion > 50%.
-
-
-== Outlook on FOSS 4G (LTE)
-
-* LTE has nothing in common with 2G/3G
-* various FOSS activities
-** 'OpenAirInterface' has some code for a software eNodeB
-*** but they switched from GPLv3 to 'non-free' license :(
-** 'srsLTE' (main focus on UE side, but large parts usable for eNodeB side)
-** 'OpenLTE' is another active FOSS project
-* No Osmocom involvement so far
-** team is small, project scope of cellular infrastructure is gigantic
-** most customer funding currently still on GSM/GPRS/EDGE
-** if we'd start, we'd start implementing MME + S-GW and use existing LTE cells
-
-
== The End
* so long, and thanks for all the fish
@@ -688,16 +527,4 @@ pcodns1 8.8.8.8 <4>
* have fun exploring mobile technologies using Osmocom
* interested in working with more acronyms? Come join the project!
-* Check out http://openbsc.osmocom.org/ and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org
-
-== Thanks to
-
-* Pablo for running netdevconf and inviting me
-* the entire Osmocom team for what they have achieved
-** notably Dieter Spaar, Holger Freyther, Andreas Eversberg, Sylvain Munaut
-* last but not least: CEPT for making the GSM specs English
-** (who'd want to read French specs anyway?)
-
-
-
-
+* Check out https://osmocom.org/ and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org
diff --git a/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.adoc b/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.adoc
index 9a027eb..a7463ee 100644
--- a/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.adoc
+++ b/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.adoc
@@ -5,6 +5,19 @@ BBSs and Early Internet Access in Germany
:backend: slidy
:max-width: 45em
+== Introduction
+
+[role="incremental"]
+* this is not a high-tech talk
+* way fewer acronyms than in mots of my other talks
+* I didn't invent any of the technologies covered
+* I didn't write any of the software covered
+* Just a mere user and operator/sysadming
+* .. this is the world I grew up in (age 11 onwards)
+
+[role="incremental"]
+* very limited information available in literature and on the WWW
+* lots of younger members of our community lack this history
== Circuit Switched Telephony
@@ -17,10 +30,21 @@ BBSs and Early Internet Access in Germany
== Hardware
* Telephone
-* Copper wire
-* Telephone Exchange
+* Copper wire[s]
+* Telephone Exchange[s]
+
+image:images/pots_fig10.2.png[width="80%"]
+
+== Phone Charges
-== Accoustic Coupler
+In Germany during the 80ies and 90ies
+
+* even local calls were metered / charged
+* flat rates didn't exist
+* various zones between local and long distance
+* not many people could afford long distance BBSing
+
+== Acoustic Coupler
* First devices to transmit bits as audible tones over telephone
* User manually dialled phone number like voice call
@@ -30,12 +54,16 @@ image:images/accoustic_coupler.jpg[width="50%"]
== Modems
-Automatization of the accoustic coupler
+Automation of the acoustic coupler
-* Avoid speaker/micrphone path
+* Avoid _air gap_ speaker/microphone path
* directly generate/receive tones on phone line
* directly dial the phone number / answer the line
+image:images/analogm.png[width="80%"]
+
+== Modems
+
image:images/Modems.jpg[width="50%",float="right"]
== Modem Speeds / Standards
@@ -62,6 +90,18 @@ What's a BBS?
* Computer with Modem accepting incoming calls
* offering interactive service to users who dial in
+To operate a BBS, you had to have
+
+* a separate/dedicated computer
+** most BBS software predated/predates multi-tasking OSs
+* running 24/7
+* attached to separate / dedicated phone line
+
+To use a BBS, you
+
+* power your computer when using it
+* can share your regular phone line with the modem
+
== Content
* bulletin boards / message boards
@@ -75,14 +115,20 @@ image:images/dosbox-telemate-login.png[width="50%"]
== Technology/Software
* Both sides: Computer + Modem
-* BBS Side
+* BBS Side Software
** BBS Software
-** often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI for web)
-* User Side
+** often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI in Web)
+* User Side Software
** Terminal Program (e.g. TELIX, Telemate for DOS)
image:images/telemate.jpg[width="50%"]
+== Demo
+
+Time for a demo
+
+NOTE: I'm using telnet instead of modem/dialup (POTS lines hard to find these days)
+
== The "BBS Protocol Stack"
@@ -125,6 +171,8 @@ image:images/xpmenu.gif[width="60%"]
== BBS networks (store + forward)
+As opposed to individual BBSs with isolated communities...
+
Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for
* scalability in number of users
@@ -146,10 +194,10 @@ Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for
== Example: FIDOnet
* Starts in 1984 with two BBSs
-* Initial limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
-* Hierarchic, Regoinal routing/Adressing introduced in 1986
-** Nodelist defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
-* Addresses like "Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343"
+* Initial technological limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
+* Hierarchic, Regional routing/Addressing introduced in 1986
+** _Nodelist_ defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
+* Addresses like *Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343*
* Up to 39,000 nodes in 1996, estimated 2 Million users world-wide
== Example: Z-Netz
@@ -158,22 +206,25 @@ Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for
* Later renamed to Z-Netz as the ZConnect protocol was implemented in other software
** Standards defined based on perceived complexity of RFCs and Usenet/UUCP
* CrossPoint (DOS) most popular point software for ZConnect
-* Addresses like H.WELTE@SILVER, later H.WELTE@SILVER.zer
+* Addresses like *H.WELTE@SILVER*, later *H.WELTE@SILVER.zer*
== Example: UseNet
* Established in 1980 in the US
-* Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modmes
-** UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mal
+* Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modems
+** UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mail
* Usenet News format (RFC850) designed very similar to Internet Mail (RFC822)
-* Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded accross the network
+* Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded across the network, e.g.
+** comp.* — Discussion of computer-related topics like ``comp.lang.c++''
+** sci.* — Discussion of scientific subjects
* Routing defined in route maps
== Curiosity: Floppy Poll/Point
+[role="incremental"]
* Not everyone had a phone line in the 1990ies
** particularly Eastern Germany had big lack of phone lines
-* Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in evenlopes and mailed them as postal letters
+* Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in envelopes and mailed them as postal letters
* Messages arrived about one day later, but with 1-2 days latency even inside the dial-up store-and-forward network, it hardly matters
image:images/floppy-disk-1219954_640.png[width="30%"]
@@ -196,7 +247,24 @@ Early ways to access Internet:
* if you had dial-up access to a Unix box
* you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
-** IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
+** Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
+* later superseded by PPP (auto-configuration, authentication, compression, ...)
+
+Popular software stack looked like:
+
+* Windows 3.11 + Trumpet Winsock (Windows didn't have TCP/IP!)
+* NCSA Mosaic as web-1.0 browser (1993 onwards)
+
+image:images/mosaic.jpg[]
+
+== Internet on PCs before Linux
+
+* if you didn't have a 386 or if Linux didn't exist yet
+* there was KA9Q NOS
+** Implementation of TCP/IP, SLIP, PPP for CP/M and DOS
+** POP3 + SMTP server + client, IP routing, telnet, ARP, etc.
+* you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
+** Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
* later superseded by PPP (auto-configuration, authentication, compression, ...)
@@ -225,7 +293,7 @@ image:images/isdn.jpg[width="50%"]
* Hard to access in early/mid 1990ies outside of academia
* Almost no commercial ISPs (XLink, EUnet) - and very expensive
* Grass-Roots groups of enthusiasts established themselves
-* Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, franken.de) one of them
+* Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, ``franken.de'') one of them
** dial-up UUCP and shortly later IP for personal, non-commercial users
** POPs in Nürnberg, Fürth, Erlangen, Forchheim, Würzburg, Regensburg, ...
** Every user got 6 static IP addresses routed to wherever he dialed in (OSPF!)
@@ -240,7 +308,7 @@ image:images/isdn.jpg[width="50%"]
** IN members served more than 300,000 users at one point
** Dissolved in 2000, when
*** commercial ISPs were widespread, and
-*** remaining IN member organizations could get decend connectivity with IN e.V.
+*** remaining IN member organizations could get decent connectivity with IN e.V.
== Internet
@@ -254,10 +322,10 @@ This brought new purpose to leased lines
== Analog Leased Lines
* Telephone operator permanently interconnects wires at exchange
-* No signaling (dialtone/ringtone etc)
+* No signaling (dial tone, ring tone etc)
* Requires modems with special capabilities
** ATA without an incoming ring first
-** ATD without a dialtone first
+** ATD without a dial tone first
* In Germany: "Analog G" of Post/Telekom
** I finally could afford one in 1998
** 900 DM installation cost
@@ -267,12 +335,16 @@ This brought new purpose to leased lines
image:images/pict3_Lg.jpg[]
+== hub-nbg.franken.de, 1998
+
+image:images/pict4_Lg.jpg[]
== ISDN Leased Lines "SPV"
* Not really a leased line
* Basically only "flat rate calls" to one specific (fixed) destination
* Available in national 1TR6 only
+** some of them operated until 2006
== Abusing Analog Lines, Part 1
@@ -287,7 +359,7 @@ Easy upgrade to get performance of a leased ISDN line out of an Analog-G
[graphviz]
----
-include::images/knf-leased_lines.dot[]
+include::images/knf-leased_lines.dot[width="100%"]
----
== hub-fue.franken.de, undated
@@ -300,10 +372,10 @@ image:images/hub-fue-04_Lg.jpg[]
== Abusing Analog Lines, Part 2
-When the first DSL modems became availale in the US
+When the first DSL modems became available in the US
* we imported some Ascend DSLpipe
-* with some fimrwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
+* with some firmwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
* suddenly we could get speeds of 2.3 MBps over analog lines
** if they were not too long
** if they didn't have in-line inductors
@@ -324,11 +396,25 @@ image:images/ascend.jpg[width="50%"]
** ISDN SPV was used as Internet uplink
+== Summary
+
+* The first decade[s] of wide-area electronics communications
+** were powered by a community of enthusiasts
+** largely motivated by non-commercial motives
+** without much corporate or government influence
+* BBS community / culture is a distinct sub-culture.
+** different norms than HAM radio, Hackers, Free Software, but some of overlap
+
== Conclusions
-* The first decade[s] of wide-area electronics communications was powered by a community of enthusiasts
-* BBS community / culture is a distinct sub-culture. Different norms than HAM radio, Hackers, Free Software, but lots of overlap
+In the BBS days
+* networks were distributed, without single point of failure
+* infrastructure **owned and operated by its users**
+* connection speeds were largely symmetric
+* no data center vs. consumer separation with asymmetric speeds
+
+This autonomy and de-centralization has been lost in the Internet age
== Further Reading
@@ -338,9 +424,22 @@ image:images/ascend.jpg[width="50%"]
** FOSS multi-platform terminal program
* http://artscene.textfiles.com/ansi/
** Archive of ANSI Artwork
+* https://artpacks.org/
+** Another Archive of ANSI Artwork
* http://www.filegate.net/nodelist/
** FIDO nodelist of 2017
+* http://www.ka9q.net/code/ka9qnos/
+** Phil Karn's page on KA9Q NOS
+
+== Thanks
+
+* my uncle for giving me his old Olivetti acoustic coupler in 1990
+* Josef Groll, SysOp of SILVER.zer / SILVER.nbg.sub.org
+* Max Riegel, Martin Bokaemper, Joerg Kinzebach and KNF crew
+* Reinhold "unhold" Pretscher for Falken's Maze
+* All sotware developers of BBS related software
+* All SysOps that made the BBS community possible
== EOF
-End of File
+NO CARRIER
diff --git a/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.css b/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b17829c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.css
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+div.change_topic {
+ display: flex;
+ align-items: center;
+ justify-content: center;
+}
+
+div.change_topic h1 {
+ text-align: center;
+ border-bottom-width: 0px;
+}
+
+div.gimmick_right img {
+ float: right;
+}
+
+div.qanda ol {
+ list-style-type: none;
+}
+
+.monospaced, code, pre {
+ color: black;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
+ color: black;
+}
+
+em {
+ color: black;
+}
diff --git a/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.html b/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.html
index bacb74e..a1fc9df 100644
--- a/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.html
+++ b/2017/bbs_early_internet-34c3/bbs_early_internet.html
@@ -3869,6 +3869,53 @@ setTimeout(w3c_slidy.hide_slides, 50);
<span id="author">Harald Welte &lt;laforge@gnumonks.org&gt;</span><br />
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_introduction">Introduction</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<ul class=" incremental">
+<li>
+<span>
+this is not a high-tech talk
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+way fewer acronyms than in mots of my other talks
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+I didn&#8217;t invent any of the technologies covered
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+I didn&#8217;t write any of the software covered
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+Just a mere user and operator/sysadming
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+.. this is the world I grew up in (age 11 onwards)
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+very limited information available in literature and on the WWW
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+lots of younger members of our community lack this history
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide incremental">
<h1 id="_circuit_switched_telephony">Circuit Switched Telephony</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
<ul class="">
@@ -3911,19 +3958,50 @@ Telephone
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Copper wire
+Copper wire[s]
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Telephone Exchange
+Telephone Exchange[s]
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/pots_fig10.2.png" alt="images/pots_fig10.2.png" width="80%" />
+</span></p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_phone_charges">Phone Charges</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In Germany during the 80ies and 90ies</p></div>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+even local calls were metered / charged
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+flat rates didn&#8217;t exist
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+various zones between local and long distance
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+not many people could afford long distance BBSing
</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
-<h1 id="_accoustic_coupler">Accoustic Coupler</h1>
+<h1 id="_acoustic_coupler">Acoustic Coupler</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
<ul class="">
<li>
@@ -3950,11 +4028,11 @@ After call was established, both sides put receiver into coupler
<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_modems">Modems</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Automatization of the accoustic coupler</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Automation of the acoustic coupler</p></div>
<ul class="">
<li>
<span>
-Avoid speaker/micrphone path
+Avoid <em>air gap</em> speaker/microphone path
</span>
</li>
<li>
@@ -3969,6 +4047,14 @@ directly dial the phone number / answer the line
</li>
</ul>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/analogm.png" alt="images/analogm.png" width="80%" />
+</span></p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_modems_2">Modems</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="images/Modems.jpg" alt="images/Modems.jpg" width="50%" />
</span></p></div>
</div>
@@ -4058,6 +4144,44 @@ offering interactive service to users who dial in
</span>
</li>
</ul>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To operate a BBS, you had to have</p></div>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+a separate/dedicated computer
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+most BBS software predated/predates multi-tasking OSs
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+running 24/7
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+attached to separate / dedicated phone line
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To use a BBS, you</p></div>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+power your computer when using it
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+can share your regular phone line with the modem
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
@@ -4106,7 +4230,7 @@ Both sides: Computer + Modem
</li>
<li>
<span>
-BBS Side
+BBS Side Software
</span>
<ul class="">
<li>
@@ -4116,14 +4240,14 @@ BBS Software
</li>
<li>
<span>
-often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI for web)
+often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI in Web)
</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<span>
-User Side
+User Side Software
</span>
<ul class="">
<li>
@@ -4140,6 +4264,20 @@ Terminal Program (e.g. TELIX, Telemate for DOS)
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_demo">Demo</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Time for a demo</p></div>
+<div class="admonitionblock">
+<table><tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+</td>
+<td class="content">I&#8217;m using telnet instead of modem/dialup (POTS lines hard to find these days)</td>
+</tr></table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_the_bbs_protocol_stack">The "BBS Protocol Stack"</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the spirit of protocol stack diagrams&#8230;</p></div>
@@ -4256,6 +4394,7 @@ BBS can scale to more users this way
<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_bbs_networks_store_forward">BBS networks (store + forward)</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>As opposed to individual BBSs with isolated communities&#8230;</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for</p></div>
<ul class="">
<li>
@@ -4349,24 +4488,24 @@ Starts in 1984 with two BBSs
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Initial limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
+Initial technological limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Hierarchic, Regoinal routing/Adressing introduced in 1986
+Hierarchic, Regional routing/Addressing introduced in 1986
</span>
<ul class="">
<li>
<span>
-Nodelist defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
+<em>Nodelist</em> defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Addresses like "Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343"
+Addresses like <strong>Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
@@ -4405,7 +4544,7 @@ CrossPoint (DOS) most popular point software for ZConnect
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Addresses like <a href="mailto:H.WELTE@SILVER">H.WELTE@SILVER</a>, later <a href="mailto:H.WELTE@SILVER.zer">H.WELTE@SILVER.zer</a>
+Addresses like <strong>H.WELTE@SILVER</strong>, later <strong>H.WELTE@SILVER.zer</strong>
</span>
</li>
</ul>
@@ -4422,12 +4561,12 @@ Established in 1980 in the US
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modmes
+Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modems
</span>
<ul class="">
<li>
<span>
-UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mal
+UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mail
</span>
</li>
</ul>
@@ -4439,9 +4578,21 @@ Usenet News format (RFC850) designed very similar to Internet Mail (RFC822)
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded accross the network
+Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded across the network, e.g.
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+comp.* — Discussion of computer-related topics like &#8220;comp.lang.c++&#8221;
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+sci.* — Discussion of scientific subjects
</span>
</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
<li>
<span>
Routing defined in route maps
@@ -4453,7 +4604,7 @@ Routing defined in route maps
<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_curiosity_floppy_poll_point">Curiosity: Floppy Poll/Point</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
-<ul class="">
+<ul class=" incremental">
<li>
<span>
Not everyone had a phone line in the 1990ies
@@ -4468,7 +4619,7 @@ particularly Eastern Germany had big lack of phone lines
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in evenlopes and mailed them as postal letters
+Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in envelopes and mailed them as postal letters
</span>
</li>
<li>
@@ -4555,7 +4706,69 @@ you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
<ul class="">
<li>
<span>
-IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
+Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+later superseded by PPP (auto-configuration, authentication, compression, &#8230;)
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Popular software stack looked like:</p></div>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+Windows 3.11 + Trumpet Winsock (Windows didn&#8217;t have TCP/IP!)
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+NCSA Mosaic as web-1.0 browser (1993 onwards)
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/mosaic.jpg" alt="images/mosaic.jpg" />
+</span></p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_internet_on_pcs_before_linux">Internet on PCs before Linux</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+if you didn&#8217;t have a 386 or if Linux didn&#8217;t exist yet
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+there was KA9Q NOS
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+Implementation of TCP/IP, SLIP, PPP for CP/M and DOS
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+POP3 + SMTP server + client, IP routing, telnet, ARP, etc.
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
</span>
</li>
</ul>
@@ -4670,7 +4883,7 @@ Grass-Roots groups of enthusiasts established themselves
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, franken.de) one of them
+Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, &#8220;franken.de&#8221;) one of them
</span>
<ul class="">
<li>
@@ -4739,7 +4952,7 @@ commercial ISPs were widespread, and
</li>
<li>
<span>
-remaining IN member organizations could get decend connectivity with IN e.V.
+remaining IN member organizations could get decent connectivity with IN e.V.
</span>
</li>
</ul>
@@ -4779,7 +4992,7 @@ Telephone operator permanently interconnects wires at exchange
</li>
<li>
<span>
-No signaling (dialtone/ringtone etc)
+No signaling (dial tone, ring tone etc)
</span>
</li>
<li>
@@ -4794,7 +5007,7 @@ ATA without an incoming ring first
</li>
<li>
<span>
-ATD without a dialtone first
+ATD without a dial tone first
</span>
</li>
</ul>
@@ -4833,6 +5046,14 @@ I finally could afford one in 1998
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_hub_nbg_franken_de_1998_2">hub-nbg.franken.de, 1998</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/pict4_Lg.jpg" alt="images/pict4_Lg.jpg" />
+</span></p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_isdn_leased_lines_spv">ISDN Leased Lines "SPV"</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
<ul class="">
@@ -4850,6 +5071,13 @@ Basically only "flat rate calls" to one specific (fixed) destination
<span>
Available in national 1TR6 only
</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+some of them operated until 2006
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
@@ -4903,9 +5131,17 @@ Special ISDN routers without signaling to use even 16k D-channel for data!
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_hub_fue_franken_de_undated_2">hub-fue.franken.de, undated</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
+<img src="images/hub-fue-04_Lg.jpg" alt="images/hub-fue-04_Lg.jpg" />
+</span></p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_abusing_analog_lines_part_2">Abusing Analog Lines, Part 2</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>When the first DSL modems became availale in the US</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>When the first DSL modems became available in the US</p></div>
<ul class="">
<li>
<span>
@@ -4914,7 +5150,7 @@ we imported some Ascend DSLpipe
</li>
<li>
<span>
-with some fimrwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
+with some firmwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
</span>
</li>
<li>
@@ -4990,12 +5226,53 @@ people started to dial into CompuServe, AOL, etc.
</li>
<li>
<span>
-Internet became more popluar, Falken&#8217;s Maze started subsidiary in Nuernberg
+Internet became more popular, Falken&#8217;s Maze started subsidiary in Nuernberg
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+ISDN SPV was used as Internet uplink
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_summary">Summary</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+The first decade[s] of wide-area electronics communications
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+were powered by a community of enthusiasts
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+largely motivated by non-commercial motives
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+without much corporate or government influence
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+BBS community / culture is a distinct sub-culture.
</span>
<ul class="">
<li>
<span>
-ISDN SPV was used as Intenret uplink
+different norms than HAM radio, Hackers, Free Software, but some of overlap
</span>
</li>
</ul>
@@ -5004,6 +5281,35 @@ ISDN SPV was used as Intenret uplink
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_conclusions">Conclusions</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In the BBS days</p></div>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+networks were distributed, without single point of failure
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+infrastructure <strong>owned and operated by its users</strong>
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+connection speeds were largely symmetric
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+no data center vs. consumer separation with asymmetric speeds
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This autonomy and de-centralization has been lost in the Internet age</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_further_reading">Further Reading</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
<ul class="">
@@ -5045,6 +5351,18 @@ Archive of ANSI Artwork
</li>
<li>
<span>
+<a href="https://artpacks.org/">https://artpacks.org/</a>
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+Another Archive of ANSI Artwork
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
<a href="http://www.filegate.net/nodelist/">http://www.filegate.net/nodelist/</a>
</span>
<ul class="">
@@ -5055,13 +5373,62 @@ FIDO nodelist of 2017
</li>
</ul>
</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+<a href="http://www.ka9q.net/code/ka9qnos/">http://www.ka9q.net/code/ka9qnos/</a>
+</span>
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+Phil Karn&#8217;s page on KA9Q NOS
+</span>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1 slide">
+<h1 id="_thanks">Thanks</h1>
+<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
+<ul class="">
+<li>
+<span>
+my uncle for giving me his old Olivetti acoustic coupler in 1990
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+Josef Groll, SysOp of SILVER.zer / SILVER.nbg.sub.org
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+Max Riegel, Martin Bokaemper, Joerg Kinzebach and KNF crew
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+Reinhold "unhold" Pretscher for Falken&#8217;s Maze
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+All sotware developers of BBS related software
+</span>
+</li>
+<li>
+<span>
+All SysOps that made the BBS community possible
+</span>
+</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 slide">
<h1 id="_eof">EOF</h1>
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
-<div class="paragraph"><p>End of File</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>NO CARRIER</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
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personal git repositories of Harald Welte. Your mileage may vary